THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 161 
only since the decision for or against infarct in the birds is 
very difficult because of the frequency in this class of 
hemorrhage with pulmonary congestion. There were 
eleven single or double non-septic infarcts, of which seven 
occurred in Carnivora, one in an ungulate, two in Pri- 
mates and one in a rodent. The existence of parasites was 
excluded in most of the cases but could not be entirely in 
all. Eight of these infarcts were on the left side, five of 
these being in the lower lobe. 
Emphysema. 
Emphysema of the atrophic and chronic vesicular 
types with the soft, fluffy, pigmented or pale pink organ 
has not occurred in the animals under observation. Acute 
vesicular emphysema, such as is seen in chronic bronchial 
and cardiac diseases, has been encountered several times. 
Cardiac lesions were found four times, nephritis eleven 
times, acute enteric conditions seven times, hepatic dis- 
eases seven times. Two cases of wide spread amyloid 
disease showed a deposit of this substance in the alveolar 
walls. It is quite common to find some grade of 
emphysema in monkeys dying from osteomalacia and 
rickets. The process is then most prominent in the upper 
lobes and along the free anterior margins. The incidence 
in the orders is Primates 5, Lemures 2, Carnivora 2, 
Pinnipedia (drowning) 1, Rodentia 1, Ungulata 4, Mar- 
supialia 4. The best example was found in a Skunk 
{Mephitis mesomelas) having a general infection, ema- 
nating from the cranial sinuses, and cardiac dilatation. 
Emphysema does not seem to occur in birds for only one 
w^as seen which seemed to present this condition. This 
was a Bald Eagle (Haliceetus leucoceplialus) with chronic 
renal and enteric disease and cardiac hypertrophy. The 
lungs were tensely distended under their serous covering 
and showed a few small bullae anteriorly. Unfortunately 
a histological preparation is not at hand. 
