568 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
soiled by infective dirt. Just how human beings contract 
these infections, in the absence of infected cattle is un- 
known, but for the pulmonary form the route usually 
followed in tuberculosis is probably taken. 
The material of our zoological collection permits few 
observations of value upon " lumpy jaw " but we have 
encountered a streptothricosis of kangaroos which may 
throw some light upon the whole subject and to these cases 
I shall devote considerable space since no description of 
it occurs in the literature. 
Actinomycosis. 
Tliis disease has been diagnosed with certainty in two 
American Tapirs and with reasonable satisfaction in 
three deer. Two Malayan Tapirs have also had lumpy 
jaw clinically but the organisms were not found. It is in- 
teresting and noteworthy that other zoological collections 
have observed the disease in this same animal, a fact 
which suggests the high susceptibility of the tapir to 
actinomycosis. There are recorded in the protocols 
a few times sluggish ulcers on the tongue in other ungu- 
lates but I am not prepared to label them as actinomycotic 
since on one occasion smears and sections were studied 
with great care and nothing found to justify such eu diag- 
nosis ; nor were there maxillary or pulmonary lesions. 
Before passing to a discussion of the diagnosis and mor- 
bid characters it seems worthy of emphasis that our cases 
of this disease should appear in one family of Perissodac- 
tyla and in one family of Artiodactyla, in the latter 
not affecting Bovidae, the family to which domestic 
cattle belong. 
The diagnosis of lumpy jaw depends upon the growth 
of tumors in the neck and maxillary regions which tend 
to break down and discharge a thick pus containing 
** sulphur granules," little masses of necrotic matter sur- 
rounding colonies of the ray fungus. When these condi- 
tions are fulfilled, the matter is easily enough settled. 
