THE ANIMAL PARASITES 627 
OCCUREENCE OF AnIMAL PaEASITES IN" THE WiLD. It 
would be unbelievable that parasitism did not exist in the 
wild. It seems proper, however, to record some evidence. 
Diesing's Systema HelmintJium is replete with ref- 
erences to Natterer's Brazilian expedition. Nicoll speaks 
of a German expedition to Spitzbergen in 1898, and 
a Swedish one to Egypt in 1901, in both of which large 
numbers of parasitic forms were collected. Nicoll (13) 
found Trichosoma hepatieum in a hare shot in the 
wild, and liver-flukes (14) in a kestrel shot on the coast 
of Scotland. Leiper(15) found nine species of worms in 
hippopotami during an expedition to Uganda, and (16) 
states that thirty-seven species of helminths were col- 
lected on an Antarctic voyage by Surgeon Atkinson. In 
an investigation of Grouse disease in Scotland, Fantham 
found many different blood and intestinal parasites. 
Dr. Charles B. Penrose tells me that all of the white- 
tailed deer he shot in the valley of the Swan River, Mon- 
tana, were infested with liver-flukes, so much so that the 
liver was literally riddled by the disease, and yet the deer 
were fat. The black-tail deer of the same valley were not 
thus parasitized and were not as fat. In our own Garden 
we have found many tapeworms in wild cats (17) which 
had been too recently captured for the worms to have 
developed in captivity. Such instances might be still 
further multiplied. 
A more important consideration is the fate of the 
parasites thence introduced into our Garden. Do they 
disappear of themselves! Naturally we can never make 
sweeping predictions, for future events will depend upon 
the life history of the individual parasite concerned. But 
by and large, once introduced it is better to assume the 
attitude of pessimism, and resign oneself against spon- 
(13) hoc. eit., 1911, p. 674. 
(14) hoc. cit., 1915, p. 87. 
(15) hoc. cit., 1910, p. 233. 
(16) hoc. cit., 1914, p. 222. 
(17) Phila. Zool. Soc. Rep., 1912, p. 40. 
