650 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
inhabits the depths of the proventricular mucosa. At first 
sight its spheroidal form suggests that of a fluke, but 
under the microscope it is found to be a nematode 
hugely ballooned out by ova, and coiled up into a ball. In 
spite of its dangerous appearance — being red — it is most 
likely quite innocuous, for microscopic sections show no 
sign of inflammation around the worm. Moreover, we 
know that a Concave Casqued Hornbill (Dichoceros 
bicornis) now on exhibition has harbored the worms, as 
indicated by ova in the droppings, for eight years and yet 
seems perfectly well. I have made wax reconstructions 
of three of the worms and find that the coils are not very 
intricate and that they assume no regular or con- 
stant arrangement. 
Syngamus Trachealis. — Our worst experience with 
this picturesque parasite was in common crows {Corvus 
b. brachyrhynchos) . In 1914 and 1915 alone we lost five 
such birds. Some geese, swans and a pheasant complete 
the short list of birds affected in addition to the crows. In 
no case was it a young bird that was affected. Shipley ( 35 ) 
reports this parasite in two grouse at the London 
Gardens, and Plinuner's tables show that three deaths 
were directly charged against them in one year (36). 
Extra-intestinal Tapeworms. — This discovery is 
worthy of record because it is rare for cestodes to appear 
anywhere save in the intestines. We have observed three 
instances where they had backed up into the bile duct — 
tAvice in the Cape Hyrax {Procaria capensis) and once in 
a Livingston's Eland {Taurotragus oryx living stonii). 
At the London Gardens they were mentioned in the gall- 
bladder of a wallaby and in Cape Hyraces. Beddard(37) 
carefully describes four new species of these cestodes 
from the hyrax. 
(35) Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, p. 335. 
(36) Lac. cit., 1912, p. 236. 
(37) Loc. cit., 1912, p. 576. 
