206 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
The chief interest in the ceca centres about entero- 
hepatitis either of heterakis and amoebic origin or that 
supposed to be due to coccidia or Bac. scoticus. This 
specific form has been encountered only in Galli (three of 
the four families). It has been so well described by 
Hadley, Smith, Morse and Cushman that it is unneces- 
sary to discuss it since we have nothing to add to its 
pathogenesis or pathology. At a later time some atten- 
tion will be given to our experience with Quail disease. 
What is more interesting from a comparative stand- 
point, besides having a bearing upon blackhead, is 
the discoveiy of heterakis in the ceca, and hemorrhage 
and fatty change in the liver without amoebae or coccidia 
in either place (unfortunately no bacteriology was done), 
in a Sebastopol Goose (Ansei- domesticus), a bird which 
has ceca not unlike the gallinaceous varieties. This is a 
single observation and must be treated expectantly. 
Microscopically the avian digestive tract in its various 
inflammatory states presents a few noteworthy features. 
The primary reaction, sometimes the only one, to irrita- 
tion is injection of the vessels in the villi or deeper 
mucosa. To this, however, is nearly always added a 
granularity of the epithelium, without much evident mucus 
(goblet cell) fomiation. AVhen the epithelial degenera- 
tion is marked there appears a round cell increase in 
the deep mucosa shortly followed by a similar infiltration 
into the villi. True catarrhal enteritis as described for 
the cats is not as common as some combination of the 
changes just detailed, but when it occurs is best developed 
in the carnivorous avian tract. The most striking cellu- 
lar finding is the round cell of the infiltrate. It is of the 
middle lymphoid size with clear protoplasm, or, when late 
in the disease, may be small and so-called adult. Poly- 
nuclears, unless eosinophilic, and endothelioid cells 
are rare. 
The foregoing are general remarks concerning the 
pathology of the avian tract, and we are now ready to 
