210 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
has been mentioned in the diagnoses in only a little over 
1 per cent, of the total, and of these the records indicate 
its importance only ten times (.2 per cent.) ; a few notes 
of these cases are appended. The first place of incidence 
is taken by marsupials (six kangaroos and one opossmn), 
the second by ungulates (largely ruminants) and the 
third by Primates. It will be noted that with exception 
of the opossum, herbivorous mammals occupy the first 
places of incidence, carnivores falling well behind the 
orders named. This condition is quite infrequent in 
birds and is usually associated with the presence of seeds 
or parasites or with impaction in the ceca. 
Primates, almost exclusively feeders upon carbo- 
hydrate and soft protein food, have shown as causes of 
constipation two outstanding conditions. A low grade 
of colonic catarrh with excessive pouchings of this tube 
has had constipation associated with it three times. One 
of these cases had small coproliths in the diverticula, one 
other a fecal concrement in the cecum. Another group of 
these cases with evidence of delayed passage of feces 
shows chronic peritonitis with adhesions, one of which 
seems certainly due to filaria in the peritoneal sac. 
The seat of constipation in monkeys is practically 
always the colon. The carnivores while occasionally 
showing hard fecal masses packed into the colon, more 
often exhibit a constipation in the ileum. One case pre- 
sented a nearly empty colon with a long scybalum just 
above the cecal valve. There is no peculiar associated 
pathology in the notes at my command. 
Ungulata, showing next to the highest incidence, has 
its stoppage chiefly in the colon, but the lowest stretch of 
the ileum may contain balls of feces. In nearly every case 
one finds some grade of colonic catarrh. In two instances, 
there being a proctitis, it seemed as if the animal volun- 
tarily restrained from defecating because of pain. The 
caput coli is the seat of stoppage in the Rodentia. 
