216 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
twist is made of the duodenum, esophagus, edge of the mesentery and 
the middle part of the pancreas; the end of the tail of the last is gan- 
grenous. There is no apparent obstruction lower down to explain the 
twist of the stomach. 
Among the Aves the following cases only are worthy 
of report. A parrot {Melopsittacus undulatus) was found 
to have a tightly packed mass of w^orms in the end of the 
duodenum above which the bowel was distended, enlon- 
gated, doubled on itself and of a deep red color ; below this 
the small intestine was empty. A closely similar con- 
dition was found in a Screech Owl {Otus asio asio) the 
obstruction occurring just above the end of the small gut. 
A Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) had an invagination 
two cm. in length, a short distance above the end of the 
small intestine. No peritonitis existed but the presence 
of an acute enteritis helps to explain the intussusception. 
Heknia. 
Hernia is not a common occurrence among the lower 
animals but our experience is instructive in two partic- 
ulars, to "wit, its absence in the orders preceding the 
Rodentia and the frequency of the traumatic variety. 
There being no general remarks to be made upon the sub- 
ject, it seems well to give a summary of the findings in 
each of the seven cases. 
A Western Fox Squirrel {Sciurus rufiventer) showed 
a diaphragmatic defect on the right side, a. rounded open- 
ing with smooth edges, through w^hich a loop of intestine 
had passed, entering behind the liver and reaching into the 
pleura as high as the pulmonary apex where it was 
adherent ; this was probably of long standing. Two more 
loops were found w^edged in the diaphragmatic hole, one 
of which was gangrenous. 
An Indian Antelope {Black Buck) {Antilope cervi- 
capra) presented an irreducible incarcerated but not 
strangulated umbilical hernia. The peritoneum was fused 
