236 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
into lobules suggesting attempt at regeneration. Liver cells show high- 
grade of fatty degeneration in some places, whole lobules being necrotic. 
There is no pigmentation and connective tissue is fairly rich in cells. 
Fibrosis quite well advanced. Cells about equally fibroblasts, round 
cells and polynuclears. Bile ducts very well presented and cellular 
infiltrate rather less directly around them than at other parts of con- 
nective tissue. The section of kidney shows moderate congestion, granu- 
lar and vacuolar degeneration of epithelium generally distributed except 
in proximal tubules where there is swelling and desquamation. Detritus 
present in tubules and capsular spaces. Tufts swollen. 
The biliary forms of Primates were associated in one 
case with an undetermined parasite in the bile channels, in 
the other with tuberculosis and chronic enteritis. In all 
t]ie cases the relativ^e inconspicuousness of bile in ducts 
or in cells is worthy of mention. The perilobular fibrosis 
in a small cebus was trifling in extent but was associated 
with considerable round cell infiltration in isolated areas ; 
there was also nephritis, splenitis, and enteritis. 
The only representative of the rodents is a capybara 
{Hydrochoerus hydro cheer us), their largest variety. This 
case was originally described as a typical Laennec or 
Pictou cirrhosis but I now class it as a portal form. The 
distinct insular arrangement of the lobules, the failure of 
involvement of the bile channels and the ascites are 
reasons for the present decision. The animal suffered 
also from tuberculosis (not in liver) and myocarditis. 
The Indian Elephant, '* Bolivar" {Elephas indicus), 
an old specimen, is the only member of his order to show 
cirrhosis. It may be considered as a senile process 
in part but the extreme distortion and compression of 
the lobules press the conclusion that it was a pro- 
gressive inflammation. 
Aves fail to show lesions which could be called portal 
cirrhosis, five of their six cases being biliary and one fatty 
with signs of continued infection. The macroscopic 
anatomy of the avian liver with chronic fibrosing hepatitis 
is fairly uniform and suggestive. In the first place it is 
grossly nodular, lumpy, not finely granular or ' ' hob- 
