THE LIVER 237 
nailed." The sensation to the finger is resilient rather 
than tough. The color is variable but green and dull 
purple are the usual shades. On section no peculiarities 
present themselves unless it be that one can find pale spots 
on a dark background, which may correspond to the mam- 
malian connective tissue strands. Microscopically the 
increase of cellular groups at portal spaces and the exten- 
sive growth of connective tissue between the liver columns 
are the noteworthy features. There is nothing in mam- 
malian cirrhoses to compare with the intralobular gro^\i:h 
of fibres in birds. There is of course no regularity so 
that the degree of replacement or necrosis of parenchyma 
is hard to estimate. Bile ducts do not proliferate but 
seem, once obstructed and surrounded, to succumb to the 
inflammation. The six cases in birds are : Psittaci, 3, Galli, 
Anseres, Struthiones each one. The cases in the last two 
orders were associated with parasites, to which bacteria 
or toxin may have been added. It is interesting to note 
that the two frankly progressive obstructive biliary cases 
in the parrots showed general jaundice. 
It was formerly customary in many quarters to speak 
of atrophic and hypertrophic cirrhosis. Now it is gen- 
erally thought that any form will be large or small as 
growth and regeneration on the one hand, or contraction, 
atrophy and degeneration on the other, may be predomi- 
nant at the time the organ is seen. It is perhaps mislead- 
ing to judge by our notes of what happens, but it is 
curious that in the thirty-two cases, the pathologist could 
state only in seventeen instances that the liver was larger 
or smaller than normal. This means therefore that the 
liver of cirrhosis need not deviate greatly from its 
customary size. Nine of the seventeen times the organ 
was considered smaller than normal, eight times it was 
greater. These variations did not strictly correspond to 
type, but the portal form, frequently called atrophic, was 
more often small than was the biliary form. 
