238 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
Gastrointestinal disease accompanied cirrhosis in 
fourteen instances. Nephritis was present nineteen times. 
The spleen was enlarged six times, in all of which definite 
evidence of infection existed in the body. Choledochitis 
existed four times, twice with biliary cirrhosis, twice with 
perilobular fibrosis ; cholecystitis existed twice, once in a 
monkey, and once in a bird with parasites. Pancreatitis 
was seen in three biliary cirrhoses and once in a peri- 
lobular fibrosis. 
The relation of the existence of cirrhosis to the 
presence of a gall-bladder is interesting. Among the 
thirty-two animals twenty-one have gall-bladders, eleven 
have not. The exact number of animals in our whole list 
with, and without this structure, unfortunately cannot be 
given with exactness. As nearly as I can figure it out, six- 
teen per cent, of our animal posts have been on varieties 
without a gall-bladder, eighty-four per cent, ^\^th it. This 
would make the absence of this reservoir a factor favoring 
the development of cirrhosis since one-tliird of the cir- 
rhoses are in groups devoid of this bag, yet these same 
groups supplied only one-sixth of the total postmortems. 
Gall Stones. 
Our experience \\^th concrements in the biliary system 
is limited to six cases which can be detailed in brief. 
American Beaver $ {Castor canadensis) showed a soft purplish 
liver with groups of tortuous yellow lines; these prove to be groups 
of hepaticola with fatty degeneration around them, but successful 
regeneration is going on; bile duets are not seriously involved over any 
great part of the organ; the bladder is distended greatly with thin, yel- 
low-green fluid ; duct is not patulous ; common duct narrowed at middle 
and above this constriction lies a small conerement; bladder contains 
two large and several small pale yellow-green friable stones; mucosa 
injected and covered with mucopus; the pancreas is not affected. 
American Beaver 6 {Castor canadensis) shows a slight bile obstruc- 
tion and pigmentation through the liver but no pus or cirrhosis ; bladder 
is collapsed containing only a little limpid brown fluid; wall is slightly 
roughened but not opaque ; there is a blue-black stone 1.5 x 1 cm. free 
in the cavity; duct patulous; pancreas and intestine not affected. 
Brant Goose 6 {Branta hernicla glaucogastra) liver shows slight 
fatty change; bladder much distended, contains twenty-six small, quite 
