THE LIVER 239 
hard, greenish stones; one is impacted in the cystic duct which is 
not patulous. 
Pigtailed Macaque 6 {Macacus nemestrinus) shows a normal liver; 
bladder contains a small black concrement, very hard, no cystitis. 
Polar Bear 9 ( Ursus maritimus ) showed a chronic cholecystitis and 
cholangitis, the stone (?) in this case consisting of a solitary, black, 
friable mass, six mm. in diameter. 
Mongoose Lemur 6 {Lemur mongoz) showed a normal liver; bladder 
of about normal size but the duct can be forced only by considerable 
pressure ; there is a small stone and a granule in the tortuous cystic duct ; 
no cholecystitis. 
The specimens that are preserved show these to be 
chiefly inspissated bile, those from the first beaver and 
the goose being the only ones to rise to the dignity of gall 
stones ; it would seem that there was plenty of opportunity 
for calculi to form in the bladder of this beaver. In 
no case is there a cholangitis or cirrhosis dependent 
upon cholelitliiasis. 
Wliile stones have been shown as infrequent there is 
a condition of the bile which may be quite important. In 
Passeres, Accipitres, and Striges one frequently sees a 
very dense inspissation of the bile both in the cystic area 
and in the lesser independent bile duct. This need not 
be, indeed usually is not, associated with hepatitis or 
cholecystitis. There is no one thing more common than 
another in relation with it but the diagnoses most often 
made are enteritis, distention of the proventricle and 
gizzard, and constipation. 
Inflammation of the Biliary System. 
The biliary tract from its origin in fine intrahepatic 
radicles to the bladder and to the end of the common or 
intestinal ducts is the seat of many inflammations both 
acute and chronic, but since they are supposed to lead to 
damage to the liver and pancreas and to the production of 
gall stones, it is well to consider the system as a whole. 
As a matter of fact separate analyses of cholangitis, 
choledochitis and cholecystitis do not reveal different 
figures for each or for different orders. The vulnerability 
