240 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
of tills tract is found to be directly as the percentage of 
cirrhosis, to vdt, the carnivores stand first, then the mar- 
supials, ungulates, Primates and rodents ; among the birds 
the order is Accipitres, Anseres, Struthiones, Psittaci, and 
Galli. It is difficult in most instances to evaluate the 
various possible etiological factors, but, due caution being 
exercised, gastrointestinal inflammation could be held re- 
sponsible in seventeen of the total of fifty cases. In twelve 
of the seventeen tliis process was wholly or largely in 
the duodenum. The next factor was general infection, at 
the head of which pneumonia and ' ' distemper ' ' occupied 
about equal places. In marsupials, the streptococcal and 
streptothrical infections to which these animals are sus- 
ceptible, was the prime factor. This group almost always 
has definite signs of stasis both in the liver and, as indi- 
cated by jaundice, in the general tissues. Pancreatitis 
was present in seven of the fifty cases and in five of the 
seven, enteritis was also found. Coromon duct stones 
were not observed. I shall have sometliing to say 
about pericholangitis and pericystitis under the head 
of pancreatitis. 
TUMOES. 
The liver presents a good share of the tumors appear- 
ing in solid viscera but, mth the exception of a few points, 
they offer little of interest. In the first place three angio- 
mata have been seen and while they may not be tumors in 
the accepted sense of the word, may be considered briefly. 
A single cavernous angioma was seen in a goose. It 
occupied a large part of the right lobe but did not seem 
to affect mechanically the function of the organ since con- 
ditions wholly foreign to the liver were the cause of death. 
A leopard presented several small groups of telangiec- 
tatic angiomata lying mostly at portal spaces, a few also 
under the capsule. The liver of a thrush was likewise 
scatteringly beset with small angiomata. The original 
