250 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
An expression of this relative immunity to pathologic 
change is met in analyzing the data upon the simplest 
lesions, degenerations, to be expected iii many states of 
disease. Only a small number of cases present them- 
selves, and they are under expected conditions, namely 
in association with acute general infection, sometimes 
definitely septicemic in nature. About half of them were 
discovered microscopically, affecting the islands of 
Langerhans in vacuolization or granular disintegration. 
Focal necroses of the organ were met four times, 
three turkeys and a cockatoo. It is noteworthy that 
all these birds had some involvement of the liver, 
twice a complete acute hepatitis and twice a cholangitis. 
This is the more interesting since we shall learn 
that the liver is less often involved in avian than in 
mammahan pancreatitis. Hemorrhages occur occasion- 
ally in the pancreas in acute general infections and are 
seen in acute inflammations of the intestines ; the percent- 
age incidence with the latter is, however, very small. 
Pancreatic apoplexy proper has not occurred, for all the 
instances of large hemorrhage into the organ have been 
combined with changes forcing a classification of 
acute pancreatitis. 
Panckeatitis. 
Pancreatitis in the acute form is divided by many 
writers into exudative, hemorrhagic and necrotizing, 
while for the chronic variety an inter- and intra-acinus 
form has been described. It is questionable whether it is 
fair in acute cases to focus attention by special nomen- 
clature on different macroscopic pictures, unless it be for 
descriptive purposes solely, since there is nothing at hand 
to indicate that differing agents cause one kind every 
time. The physical findings seem to depend rather upon 
the speed of operation of the causation than upon its 
essence. Sudden obstruction of the pancreatic duct is 
believed to produce necrotizing processes to which hemor- 
