256 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
expected. In the mammals twelve of the twenty-seven 
eases showed cholecystitis or cholangitis; in every 
instance the form of pancreatitis was acute. Among the 
eleven avian cases four showed inflammation of the 
biliary channels, but not of the bladder. Hepatic cirrhosis 
was observed four times. In a thrush and a skunk 
obvious infectious cirrhosis existed, and in both a necro- 
tizing pancreatitis was found. A badger suffered with 
atrophic cirrhosis of the liver and a chronic pancreatitis 
\\dth acute exacerbation. A deer showed marked peri- 
lobular fibrosis with a recent hemorrhagic pancreatitis 
probably due to duodenal torsion. Nothing very distinc- 
tive is to be found in these cases, but they merely make the 
total of involvements of the liver and its adnexa up to 
twenty. It is to be emphasized that pancreatitis was not 
associated with Uthiasis in ducts or bladder as described 
on page 240. Peripheral cholecystitis and plastic inflam- 
mations about the pylorus and lesser omentum are 
exceedingly rare in wild animals, while they are not com- 
mon in human surgical practice. They did not occur at 
all in mammals in this series, the only external inflamma- 
tions being in lymph nodes in cases of frank infectious 
character. There were distinct adhesions between liver, 
duodenum and pancreas in two birds, one with acute, the 
other with chronic pancreatitis. 
In so far as the kind of pancreatitis is concerned mam- 
mals had twenty-two acute and six chronic forms, one 
animal having the former implanted on the latter, while 
birds had five acute and six chronic. The preponderance 
of acute over chronic lesions in mammals again recalls 
the association of the biliary and pancreatic ducts, but 
if one expect that such a relation establishes acute inflam- 
mation, the relatively high figures for Eodentia and 
Ungulata, with a single duct removed from the bile duct 
confhct with the data for orders having two ducts such 
as the Carnivora. Every case in the former orders was 
of acute nature ; only two had any hepatic disease, four 
