THE URINARY TRACT 267 
clarify diagnostic measures. Breindl(7) pointed out that 
nephritis occurs more often in acute general diseases, 
notably the specific infections, than was customarily 
thought, thus placing the subject for the lower animal 
where it is in human medicine. 
Renal disease is quite common among wild animals 
albeit there are certain orders in which the lesions are 
less conspicuous. Clinical diagnoses of nephritis, and 
this is the only diagnosis attempted, have been made on 
monkeys by examination of urine which shows the same 
characters as in the human disease. In ungulates more 
attention is to be placed upon the cellular contents of the 
urine since renal epithelium is apparently shed more 
readily and casts less often formed. Signs and symptoms 
of renal disease are limited to edema and uremia; cases 
of the latter are rare enough to discuss separately at the 
proper place. 
Absence of Abnormalities. 
Abnormalities of size, shape and position of the kidney 
are frequently reported in literature of veterinary medi- 
cine and aplasia has been described. Our material has 
failed to present cases of horse-shoe kidney well known to 
occur in horses, cows, sheep and dogs. Wandering 
kidneys are also known but have not been seen in our wild 
animals. Shall these abnormalties be considered as due 
to degenerative changes in cross bred animals or as the 
result of the strain of domestication? To such a specula- 
tive question our material affords no answer. 
Hypertrophy. 
That the kidney has the power of hypertrophy in a 
compensatory manner is iUustrated by two cases. A 
Japanese Macaque {Macacus fuscatus) 6 apparently had 
suffered with a unilateral nephritis which had gone into a 
contracted stage. At all events much functionating tissue 
(7) Inaug.-Diss. Oiessen, 1911. 
