282 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
cially in the carnivores and parrots, animals which 
''throw fits" at times \\ithout apparent good reason. In 
so far as the monkey is concerned, I am satisfied that the 
picture is similar to that seen in the human being. The 
London Garden reports in 1917 the occurrence of uremia 
in a Mandrill {Papio maimon). 
Calculi. 
Calculi are well known in the renal system of the 
domesticated animals so that it is not surprising to find 
them well represented all through the lower orders. 
Their structure, composition and effects do not differ, 
however, and it remains only to point out their distribu- 
tion. One of the frequent results of renal and pelvic 
lithiasis is, however, missing in our records, namely 
hydronephrosis, and indeed a pressure dilatation of the 
ureter and pelvis has not been observed in all our experi- 
ence. This would seem to be explained first upon the 
infrequency of stone, of obstructive new growths and 
inflammator>' strictures and second by the fact that lower 
animals do not long survive conditions which would 
occasion back pressure upon the kidneys. 
Definite renal and pelvic calculi have occurred in five 
Ungulata, one each in Edentata and Steganopodes. To 
these might be added cases of uratic sand in one Car- 
nivora, one Marsupialia, and uratic stones of large size 
in the cloaca of two Passeres and one Accipitres. Uratic 
collections within the avian kidney have been mentioned 
and will be discussed later. 
According to w^ritten descriptions and three pre- 
served examples the calculi in four of the ungulates are 
mixed urates and carbonates, although one in a deer was 
said to be ''mulberry" in surface. The specimens at hand 
are moderately hard with rough irregularly crystallized 
outer shells like carbonate deposits. Incomplete moulding 
to the calyx is found. The pelvic cavity while seeming to 
be enlarged is not distended nor do the stones assume the 
