284 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
A Golden Cat {Fells temminicki) presented sand in 
the urethra, which had caused a traumatic urethritis and 
distention of the bladder. There was no evidence of renal 
urate collections, but a low grade prostatitis existed so 
that the bladder might have been distended before the 
urethra became inflamed, thereby giving opportunity for 
sand to form or to have arisen in the prostatic ducts. 
Three birds, a Bunting {Passerina ciris), a Bulbul 
{CMoropsis aurifrons), and a Buzzard (Buteo albicau- 
datus), had large cloacal urate calculi wliich could 
obstruct the ureter but had failed to do so ; one had an 
acute ascending pyelonephritis, however. 
Excessive urate collections in ureters and kidneys 
occur all through the avian orders and in about the same 
percentages ; meat and fish eating birds have practically 
no cases, however. The condition seems at times the only 
finding at autopsy, or it may be associated with uratic 
serositis. Gout of birds is commonly accompanied by it, 
but need not be since two of the best examples of this 
disease had practically nonnal kidneys. 
From these records it would seem that renal and 
pelvic calculi occur almost exclusively in herbivorous 
animals. At least true stones forming in the renal 
pyramid and pelvis are found most characteristically 
developed in the Ungulata, the typically herbivorous 
mammal. Judging by the bilateral distribution of stones 
and uratic collections, local processes, inflammation 
especially, have less to do with their production than the 
availability of precipitable inorganic salts in the urine. 
Tumors. 
Tumors of the kidney have been observed sixteen times, 
fourteen of which were primary and two secondary. The 
latter two concerned an epitheliomatous metastasis from 
a malignant papilloma in the stomach of a Kangaroo 
{Macropus rufus) and a sarcoma growing like an infarct 
secondary to a mediastinal tumor in a Dorcas Goat 
{Capra hircus). The only important primary tumor of 
