290 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
slender utenis with definite superior lateral angles, the 
last vestiges of the eornua, a prominent cervix and a 
short rugous vagina. The higher apes have a uterine 
construction almost identical ^\dth that of man at the 
stage of infantile development. 
''From the foregoing study it is clearly shown that 
every anomaly of the female genitalia in Man is in 
reality the result of atavism and hence, a degenerative 
change, and inasmuch as every special form of anomaly 
finds its counterpart in the normal anatomical arrange- 
ment of the analogous structures in one or another of 
the great mammalian groups, one additional item of 
proof is offered in support of that greatest of biological 
doctrines, the descent of Man from the lower forms 
of life." 
Anatomy of Labor. 
In a second article Schumann reviews the com- 
parative anatomy of labor, demonstrating that the basic 
principles are essentially the same, alterations only 
being in the direction of accommodation to the pelvic 
construction. In order to make the analysis comparable 
with human conditions the pelvis is studied as if the 
animal were standing erect upon the hind Umbs. 
The salient points of difference between the quad- 
ruped pelvis and the biped, human type may be 
epitomized as follows: (a) The entire pelvis lies (with 
the animal in its normal station) in a generally horizon- 
tal position with a slight slope downward anteriorly, 
(b) The false pelvis is almost entirely wanting, there 
being practically no bony stnictures above the brim with 
the exception of the small upper portions of the ilia. 
(c) The pehds in quadrupeds is never basin-shaped, the 
lateral walls from the iliac crests to the tuberosities of 
the ischia lying roughly parallel to each other and 
enclosing a pelvic cavity rectangular in outhne. Only 
in the highest apes does the basin-shaped pelvis appear. 
