350 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
stiff and seem painf uL About this time definite alteration 
in the shape of the chest is perceptible, and in some cases 
there is anterior curvature of the legs. Movement 
becomes so difficult, probably from weakness and pain, 
that it seems as if paraplegia actually existed. The 
inability of affected monkeys to climb has given rise to the 
term "cage paralysis," but this term should not be 
restricted to weakness, the result of osteomalacia since it 
is used by dealers and keepers to imply the cramped 
station and gait of an animal long housed in quarters too 
small for it, an appropriate application because it sug- 
gests cause and effect. However, the appellation is widely 
and loosely used insuring its employment in diagnosis 
for entirely different conditions such as degenerative 
bone disease and hind-quarter laming from enteric intoxi- 
cations ; for these affections one might use the term in an 
adjectival or descriptive sense. 
Our Primate collection has suffered considerably with 
osteomalacia, and we have devoted much time to the study 
of its cause and treatment. However, the Garden is not 
alone in this experience, for wherever certain species are 
kept the disease appears. The description of cases in the 
New York Garden by Blair and Brooks (1) is excellent, and 
with the exception of data concerning the nervous system, 
almost exactly parallels our own observations. They lay 
much stress upon the changes in the brain, cord and 
ganglia as constant in well developed cases but as prob- 
ably secondary to the osseous, hemic and metabolic 
disturbances. We have been unable to find any patho- 
logical lesions in four thoroughly studied brains and 
cords from well developed cases. As will appear later, 
our most satisfactory findings were in the dietary and 
metabolic chemistry and in the osseous pathology. The 
cases recorded by Campbell and Cleland(2) would seem 
( 1 ) See Blair and Brooks, Osteomalacia of Primates in Captivity, 
Ninth Annual Report, New York Zoological Society, 1904, p. 135. 
(2) Campbell and Cleland, Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther., Vol. 32, p. 95. 
