THE RURAI) NEW-YORKER 
January 20, 
66 
FARM FORESTRY. 
How to Grow Hardwood Seedlings. 
Part II. 
Hardwo.od, or broad-leaf, seedlings 
are easier to grow than evergreens and 
the crop is more certain. They do not, 
like the evergreens, require shade frames, 
but it is a decided advantage to have the 
seed bed in a place where it will not be 
exposed too directly to the sun. It 
should have a partial protection by be¬ 
ing situated to the east or north of a 
group of trees or buildings if possible. 
The first step, as in the case of ever¬ 
greens, is to secure good seed. The 
time of planting some hardwood seed 
differs from that of others and the 
grower of forest seedlings should al¬ 
ways imitate Davy Crockett. 
The hardy Catalpa is now being wide¬ 
ly planted, and the tree certainly de¬ 
serves its popularity. However, the num¬ 
ber of pounds of spurious seeds sold 
yearly for the genuine Speciosa runs far 
up into the thousands. The prospective 
grower of Catalpa speciosa seedlings 
should send samples of his seed to the 
U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. 
C., or the forester of his State experi¬ 
ment station for identification if there is 
any doubt in his mind as to genuineness. 
Nor can he afford to take risks. The 
low growing varieties of Catalpa have 
scarcely any value aside from shade and 
firewood, while the uses to which the 
tall-growing variety can be put are al¬ 
most numberless. The Wabash Valley 
is the home of the Catalpa speciosa 
and unless one obtains seed from that 
locality, or has access to trees grown 
from seed originally obtained there, his 
seed will have to be purchased. 
Seed can be gathered in October and 
November. One pound will produce 
about 10,000 seedlings. Loose sandy 
or mellow loam is the best soil in which 
to plant the seed. Sow in rows two feet 
apart for hand cultivation or three feet 
apart for horse cultivation. Put about 
20 seeds to the foot and cover quickly 
so as to prevent the wind from carrying 
them away. It has been the writer’s 
experience that by thoroughly mixing 
Catalpa seeds with moist sand and car¬ 
rying the mixture in a pail the seeds 
can be sown much easier and far more 
rapidly than by carrying the dry seeds 
in a small bag. In fact, a brisk breeze 
makes sowing the dry seeds almost im¬ 
possible. The covering should not ex¬ 
ceed one-half an inch and a thin mulch 
of straw over the rows until seedlings 
appear will assist germination as well 
as prevent heavy rains from forming 
a crust or washing the seeds away. Give 
clean, level cultivation. The seedlings 
will grow 12 to 24 inches in height dur¬ 
ing the first Summer, and should be 
planted in their permanent location the 
following Spring in the North. Where 
the Winters are mild they can be 
planted in the Fall. 
As for the chestnut, when, where, and 
how to gather the seeds is known to 
almost every boy. Some authorities 
recommend planting the nuts in the Fall 
where the trees are wanted, and others 
advise stratification and sowing seeds in 
nursery rows in the Spring and trans¬ 
planting later. To stratify the seeds 
allow the nuts to become dried off or 
“seasoned” in the Fall and then put 
them in a box with about twice as much 
moist sand as chestnuts, and bury the. 
box a foot or two deep in well-drained 
soil till the following Spring. If dried 
too hard before stratifying they lose 
their vitality. When stratified seed is 
used the nuts should be planted as soon 
as removed from storage. If exposed 
to a hot sun or drying winds tlie rapidity 
with which they lose their vitality is 
amazing. One who is willing to take 
the risk of exposing the nuts to mice 
and squirrels can sow the seeds in 
nursery rows or beds in the Fall, or 
put the seeds where the trees are wanted. 
If the latter plan is adopted put two or 
three seeds in each hill, allowing, of 
course, but one tree to remain. In 
nursery rows sow about 10 seeds to the 
foot and cover an inch deep. A bushel 
contains from 6,000 to 8,000 nuts, and 
will produce about 4,000 seedlings. On 
limestone soils the chestnut rarely makes 
a good growth. 
Walnuts, hickorynuts and butternuts 
should be treated in much the same 
manner as chestnuts when gathered— 
either stratified for Spring planting in 
nursery rows or beds, or, where mice 
and squirrels are not feared, planted in 
the Fall. Cover with about two inches 
of soil. 
Black or Yellow locust seed should be 
gathered in October, the seed put in a 
cool, dry place or buried in sand. Just 
before planting the seeds should be 
soaked a day or two in water that has 
been heated to the boiling point. Plant¬ 
ing should immediately follow the 
soaking of the seeds, which should be 
covered with about one-half an inch of 
soil. Clean, level cultivation should be 
given and the seedlings transplanted to 
their permanent location in the Spring 
in this latitude or in the Fall where the 
Winters are mild. One pound of seed 
will produce 10,000 or 12,000 seedlings. 
White ash seed is easily gathered 
from low, open-grown trees in October. 
It may be sown as soon as gathered or 
preserved for Spring planting by strati¬ 
fying. The seeds of the several species 
of ash are similar in appearance, and 
samples should be sent to the U. S. 
Forest Service, Washington, D. C., for 
identification. The germinating percent¬ 
age of the ashes is low, and one pound 
of seed will not usually produce more 
than 4,000 trees. Plant and cultivate 
same as Catalpas. 
S. K. MADDEN. 
NOTES AND COMMENTS. 
Mules in the South. —I fully agree 
with Mr. A. I. Fuller (page 2) in re¬ 
gard to the mule. Over 20 years ago, 
when I took charge of the 1200-acre 
farm of the Miller School in Virginia, I 
found on the place a collection of old 
horses. I told the trustees that as I 
had to work negro hands I must have 
mules. I had an auction sale and got 
very good prices for the stock of old 
horses and went to the southwestern 
part of the State and bought 10 young 
mules, and found that the change was a 
wise one. Most of these mules were 
gentle. One iron gray one that was 
said to have come from a Percheron 
mare, was a model wheel mule for a 
six-mule team. But of all the buckers 
I ever saw he was worse than a Texas 
broncho and it was the delight of the 
farm hands to get a green hand to ride 
that mule home from the field. He 
would come all right till he got to 
the water trough and then, as soon as 
he saw his shadow up went his back 
and four feet off the ground, and that 
darkey went off like a shot. But as 
saddle mule in the team he could hold 
back on a hill harder than anything I 
ever saw, and his great bulk and steadi¬ 
ness in the team made him valuable. He 
was the only bucking mule I ever saw. 
Clover and Lime. —I was in a 30-acre 
field of corn in this State last year 
which made 9 " 1 / bushels of shelled corn 
an acre on a sod of Crimson clover 
turned under and limed and no manure 
applied. This land years ago, in the 
hands of the father of the present owner 
made 25 bushels of corn an acre in a 
favorable season. Manure had been used 
on it previously in the rotation but the 
main thing that has brought it up to its 
present productiveness has been Crim¬ 
son clover. 
Potato Tops and Tubers. —I will not 
question the fact stated by Prof. Pad- 
dock that there is a disease in Colorado 
that makes the great tops produce no 
potatoes. But here I have often heard 
people say that their soil was too rich 
and made great tops and no potatoes. 
This is usually here the result of an 
excess of nitrogenous matter in the soil 
and a deficiency of phosphoric acid and 
potash. I do not care how large tops are 
if I have the plant food well balanced. 
In gardens where the only fertilizer used 
is stable manure the soil gets an excess 
of nitrogen and needs applications of 
acid phosphate and potash to make 
tubers on the potatoes. In my garden 
I make a spreading of stable manure 
annually, and then apply a heavy dress¬ 
ing of a mixture that analyzes 8 per 
cent, of phosphoric acid and 10 per 
cent, of potash, for my land is sandy 
and needs the potash. With this treat¬ 
ment I get great tops of potatoes and 
great tubers too. I trust that the big- 
top disease will not come East like the 
Potato beetle did from Colorado. 
The Commission Man’s Share.— 
Sometimes it is all. Over 30 years ago 
I sent a man in Philadelphia a carload 
of Irish potatoes, have not had the re¬ 
turns yet. Soon after he moved to 
New Jersey on a farm deeded to his 
wife, and I suppose partly paid for with 
my potatoes. On another occasion I had 
a lot of very early eggplants forwarded 
under glass. I sent them to a man in 
Philadelphia who was recommended to 
me, and I followed the shipment and 
saw that my eggplants were the only 
ones in the Delaware Avenue market. 
I saw them sold for $4 a half barrel 
basket, and on my return home I got 
returns as sold for $1 a basket. I wrote 
the party telling him what I saw, and 
that I wanted the balance of my money 
or would send him to the penitentiary. 
I got the money. The moral is, do not 
ship except to firms of established repu¬ 
tation and standing in Bradstreet. On 
another occasion I shipped a lot of 
frame lettuce to Baltimore. The re¬ 
ceiver stated that the market was full 
of lettuce and the shipment cleared one 
cent a head. A day or so after a friend 
who had been in Baltimore told me “I 
ate some of your lettuce in Balti¬ 
more, for the friend I was stop¬ 
ping with said that the huckster she 
bought it from told her where it came 
from and said that lettuce was so scarce 
that he charged her 20 cents a head for 
it.” 1 found that in this case the mer¬ 
chant simply did not know how to sell 
lettuce, and let the hucksters deceive 
him. I then sent another lot to an old 
commission house in Baltimore and got 
a fine price for it, and shipped to the 
same house all Winter profitably, 
Questions About Lime.— These are 
always coming up. A man wrote to me 
a few days ago saying that certain 
parties who offered what they called 
hydrated fertilizer lime, claimed that it 
had 97^2 per cent, of calcium hydrate, 
a very deceptive term. Farmers are apt 
to be deceived by such statements, for 
the hydrated lime is simply water-slaked 
lime, and the man who buys it has to 
freight the water. These hydrated lime 
people ask $10 a ton for their article. 
I told my correspondent that this was 
about three prices. I have bought lime 
from the valley of Virginia for 12 cents 
a bushel, lump lime in bulk and the 
carload was 440 bushels. I hauled this 
440 bushels and slaked it with water and 
had nearly 1,000 bushels of the hydrated 
lime, and had not paid $10 a ton and 
had not freighted the water. This talk 
about burnt lime destroying the humus 
makes me tired. I want it to act on the 
humus or organic decay and render its 
nitrogen available, and I propose to keep 
up the supply for it to destroy, and the 
more the better. I always advise the 
purchase of fresh lump lime so that 
there is only lime freighted and hauled 
and not water. 
Keeping Carrots. — Down here I 
simply let them stay where they grew 
and pull them all Winter and they seem 
to get sweeter for the freezing. Where 
the ground stays frozen this would not 
be feasible, but here it is as often open 
as frozen. In a colder section I form¬ 
erly lifted the carrots and heeled them 
in a trench and covered them with 
straw so that they could be got at in 
any weather, and they kept there, though 
we had below zero often. 
Maryland. _ w. F. massey. 
FARMERS AND OTHER GAME QUESTIONS. 
A Celebrated Deer Case. 
What promises to be a celebrated deer 
case was recently tried in Halifax, Ver¬ 
mont. Under the Vermont law a citizen has 
the right to wound and kill deer if he can 
catch them in the act of damaging fruit 
trees or cultivated crops on his premises— 
except grass or uncultivated crops. lie 
may also authorize any member of his fam¬ 
ily or any employee to do so, provided he 
can prove damage. It appears that H. B. 
Brown authorized George Carruth to shoot 
any deer found damaging his property. 
Carruth found a deer, as he claims, brows¬ 
ing on young apple trees and shot it. The 
deer ran some 25 rods and dropped. Car¬ 
ruth was prosecuted on the charge that lie 
hunted the deer, and that the animal was not 
damaging the trees when shot. It was up 
to Carruth to prove that the deer was doing 
damage and this he tried to do ijy wit¬ 
nesses. The judge finally decided that Car¬ 
ruth had not proved that the deer was do¬ 
ing damage, and fined him $100. This case 
had already been to the Supreme Court on 
a point of law, and has now been appealed 
to the county court. 
Who Owns the Quail? 
I send an article that appeared in a 
recent edition of an III Dorado, Kansas, 
newspaper. This article may suggest a 
remedy for the depredations of deer and 
other wild animals about which the New 
England farmers have raised discussions in 
several numbers of your paper. 
“The State law prohibits the killing of 
quail except for 16 days in the Fall. A 
man may not kill the birds on his own land 
at any other time. The law expressly 
states that the State owns every quail from 
Missouri to Colorado and Nebraska to the 
land where Duke Haskell formerly ruled. 
Remember the State owns the birds. Now 
up bobs Mr. Eugene Quinton, a farmer 
near Topeka, and orders Prof. L. L. Dyclie, 
guardian of birds, animals and fish, to re¬ 
move henceforth, immediately and forever 
all the State’s property from his farm, to 
wit: several coveys of quail. 
“It all happened because some one told 
Quinton he couldn’t kill quail on his own 
farm. He hied himself Dycheward. 
“ 'Is it true that I cannot shoot quail 
until the quail season opens without being 
liable to arrest?’ asked Mr. Quinton when 
he spi<>d Prof. Dyche. 
“ 'That is correct.’ said the warden. 
“ ‘Is it true that the State owns all the 
quail and other game in this State?’ con¬ 
tinued Mr. Quinton. 
“ 'That is correct.’ again admitted Prof. 
Dyche. 
“ 'Well, then I want to tell you,’ said Mr. 
Quinton, with some heat, ‘that the State’s 
quail are trespassing on my farm and I de¬ 
mand that you come up here and take 
every one of them off my place. If you 
don't remove them. I shall drive them off, 
and I shall use whatever force that may 
be necessary. If I own the quail that are 
on my farm, I have a right to shoot them 
without being molested by the State, but 
if the State owns them and I can’t shoot 
them, I insist that they be taken off my 
place.’ 
“The question has been propounded to 
lawyers, and they smile. You state it the 
second time and they smile some more, 
but they don’t give any legal answer.” 
Kansas City, Mo. w. a. p. 
SUCCESSFUL 
MOTHERKUOD 
means more than a fat 
baby. It means laying the 
foundation of a strong, 
sturdy constitution. 
Fat alone is not enough; 
there must be bone, 
muscle, brain and nerves. 
Scott’s Emulsion 
is the Acme of perfection for 
Mother and Child. 
ALL DRUGGISTS 
11-61 
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You can hare Sunlight Double Glass Sash for your 
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Write to us. now. We will send 
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If you want Prof. Massey’s 
booklet on hot-beds and cold- 
frames. enclose 4c in stamps. 
W rite yonr name plainly. 
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924 East Broadway Louisville, Ky. 
APFMT^ " e manufacture a product that 
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721 Manufacturers’ Building, Milwaukee. 
TRADE MARK REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE- 
l 
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Send for free Almanac telling all about 
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W,i s FERTILIZER MATERIALS r 8BS E 
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