118 
THE RURAb NEW-YORKER 
February 3, 
NEW YORK STATE FRUIT GROWERS. 
Part II. 
Question No. 71 on the programme re¬ 
lates to the curculio, and whether any dam¬ 
age has been done in western New York 
by this insect on peaches. Prof. Parrott 
replied that most of the damage for which 
the curculio has been blamed was done by 
the tarnished plant bug. Question No. 83, 
in substance, was this, “When is the best 
time to spray for the late brood of the 
Codling moth?” This problem seems to 
have given our apple growers much con¬ 
cern, for the subject was often mentioned. 
Dr. Felt is emphatic in maintaining that 
the best time is within a week or 10 days 
after the blossoms fall, which is the right 
time for the first spraying for Codling 
moth, and that the application should be so 
thorough that there will be no second or 
later brood of this insect. Use an ordinary 
good outfit, he says, working with GO to 
CO pounds pressure, and with a long ex¬ 
tension rod. Spray with either Bordeaux 
mixture or lime-sulphur, and lead arsenate 
added at the rate of two or three pounds 
to 50 gallons. Cover the entire surface of 
the tree, taking pains to reach the up¬ 
turned blossoms while spraying from above. 
In this way, Dr. Felt claims to have ob¬ 
tained from 98 to 99 per cent clean fruit 
by a single spraying. He uses two nozzles 
on the end of each line, and two lines of 
hose from the power sprayer, one man 
spraying from the ground, the other from 
the tower. Faster work can, of course, be 
done with sprayers giving higher pressure 
than that mentioned. 
“Have we planted too many peaches in 
western New York?” was the substance of 
question No. 49. A few of the large peach 
growers in that region say they have now 
all the peaches they want, and will plant 
no more. Prof. Hedrick, however, talks en¬ 
couragingly, saying that we can plant 
peaches in western New York if peaches 
can be planted anywhere. And this senti¬ 
ment always seems to meet with the ap¬ 
proval of the crowd. The need of annual 
pruning in peach trees was touched on in 
query No. G7. Prof. Hedrick replied that 
on sandy soil, and when the peach trees 
make but little growth, they may be cut 
back every year. Pruning encourages wood 
growth. On strong soils, and for vigorous 
growers, pruning is not advisable every 
year. The Kieffer pear, on most soils, 
should be cut back quite severely every 
year. Whether it is advisable to plant 
wind breaks for apple orchards, was some 
one’s question. Mr. Van Alstyne replied in 
the negative. He finds that wind-breaks 
and shelter-belts increase the tendency to 
fungous affections. It does not pay. 
Question No. 8, “Is 40 feet distance 
enough for apple trees where Duchess and 
Wealthy are to be used as fillers? What 
age of tree is best for planting?” Forty 
feet is not enough, says Prof. Hedrick; 
would set the standard* at least 45 and 
possibly 50 feet apart. He prefers two- 
year-old trees if good. If good, he would 
hot hesitate to set even a one-year-old tree. 
Fall planting would do. He does not aa- 
vise severe pruning of the tree while young. 
Out out the surplus branches at setting 
time, leaving five or six branches for the 
frame work. In setting peach trees, he 
cuts them back to spurs, not to whips. 
“What apple varieties is it best to plant?” 
Again it is Prof. Hedrick who has to an¬ 
swer. He names Baldwin, Greening, North¬ 
ern Spy, locally perhaps King, McIntosh, 
llubbardston ; for fillers Rome, Duchess, 
Wealthy under some conditions Wagoner 
and Alexander. Wagoner often overbears, 
and is liable to run small; otherwise it is 
a good filler. The first mentioned three, 
however, will undoubtedly be our standard 
varieties for years to come. 
A lecture on peach growing in New 
Jersey, illustrated with lantern slides, was 
by M. A. Blake, professor of horticulture 
at the New Jersey College of Agriculture, 
New Brunswick. Some of these pictures 
were so realistic that it was hard to be¬ 
lieve we did not have the real baskets or 
crates of beautiful peaches standing bodily 
before us, but only a colored representa¬ 
tion of them thrown on a white sheet. 
Peach growing in New Jersey has had its 
ups and downs. The “downs” were largely 
due to the yellows; later, to the scale. The 
station finally took hold of the problem and 
established experimental orchards. The 
sandy soils were found to respond wonder¬ 
fully to the use of fertilizers. Better crops 
were often produced on these somewhat poor 
sandy soils with the help of fertilizers than 
on stronger soils. 
The round table talk on peaches, follow¬ 
ing this lecture, was led by former Presi¬ 
dent Case, who told that the peach busi¬ 
ness in the western part of the State is 
growing big and fast into money. The crop 
in 1910 was a little less than in 1909. No 
figures were available for 1911. Leaf curl 
has been brought under full control, but 
in the attempts to control fungus on 
peaches the result has usually been disas¬ 
trous to the foliage. The self-boiled lime- 
sulphur mixture has been used for peach 
fungus, and some claimed that the loss of 
one-quarter or one-tliird of the foliage did 
not hurt the crop of fruit. But sprays for 
peaches have to be handled very carefully. 
About the annual pruning of peaches, Mr. 
King says he takes about one-third out of 
the tops. He had three heavy crops in suc¬ 
cession which weakened the trees so that 
they must be cut back. He believes peaches 
need severe pruning, but he does not cut 
off the new growth, but takes off some of 
the limbs to lower the top. The first year 
after setting a peach tree he prunes sev¬ 
erely. The second year the tree is not 
pruned much, so as to make it set fruit 
buds and give a good crop the following 
year. In regard to what is best for curl 
leaf, Prof. Whetzel says it makes no dif¬ 
ference whether lime-sulphur solution or 
Bordeaux mixture is applied, so long as the 
application is made thoroughly. Mr. Case 
told of a few instances in which lime-sul¬ 
phur solution was used too early to be ef¬ 
fective. No danger of too early application 
in case of Bordeaux. How to tell for cer¬ 
tain whether a tree has the yellows or not 
was asked. Prof. Blake says the charac¬ 
teristic spindling shoots tell quite plainly. 
In the early stages, one must become ac¬ 
quainted with the peculiar appearance; but 
one cannot tell in every case, especially in 
a neglected orchard. As to whether the 
pruning saw will transmit the infection, 
neither Prof. Blake nor Prof. Whetzel were 
able to tell. “Can peach trees be success¬ 
fully set in the Fall?” Mr. Hopkins said 
it depends on the Winter. In one orchard 
set in the Fall he has seen one-half or two- 
thirds of the trees come to grief. Another 
member states he has lost just 1G trees out 
of 1600 which he planted one Fall. The 
average life of a peach tree is given by Mr. 
Case as 20 years. Others tell of a produc¬ 
tive orchard 24 years old. Mr. Taylor says 
he knows of a bearing orchard 25 years 
old in Michigan. Such cases, however, are 
the exception. The question what to do 
for the shot-hole borer was answered by 
Mr. Case, who says it is an easy matter 
to fight this insect in the peach orchard, 
but not so easy on cherry trees. There are 
three broods of this borer. The eggs are 
laid in dead wood or sick trees. Remove 
the source of infection. Caustic potash and 
whale-oil soap will kill the borers in a short 
time. 
One of the largest and most successful 
producers of apples in the country is Sena¬ 
tor II. M. Dunlap, of Illinois. In his talk, 
“Factors Essential to Success in Apple 
Growing,” are found many points that the 
Eastern apple grower may well take to 
heart. The basic principle, he says, is the 
selection of varieties. A mistake in the 
beginning may lead to a disastrous ending. 
Of course by top-working we can change 
varieties, but it involves expense, and more 
than that, loss of years of fruiting. We 
must either select varieties for their adapt¬ 
ability to locality, or if we are not yet lo¬ 
cated, choose the locality for its adaptabil¬ 
ity to the varieties we wish to produce. 
The buyers divide the country in Baldwin 
section, Ben Davis section, Jonathan sec¬ 
tion, etc. He claims that he can grow the 
Ben Davis in perfection, and that as grown 
by him it is a good apple, while undoubt¬ 
edly worthless in New York State. In se¬ 
lecting varieties, we must first look to 
adaptability of locality, then to quality, and 
next to market conditions. In Illinois cer¬ 
tain varieties do well on clay soil, others 
on timber soil, still others on prairie soil. 
The same may be true in New York State. 
For level lands clean tillage or surface, cul¬ 
tivation is the right thing. Sod mulch may 
do for hill orchards. The man who does not 
spray, he says, will go out of the apple 
growing business; but the spray calendar is 
not a fixed formula. It is changing and 
will continue to change. His practice is as 
follows: For first spraying, before bloom¬ 
ing, lime-sulphur solution in Winter 
strength is used; then Bordeaux with ar¬ 
senate for Codling moth, as he considers 
the Bordeaux mixture better as a fungi¬ 
cide than lime-sulphur solution. For the 
later sprayings, Bordeaux is used. Spray¬ 
ing five times has given him better results 
than spraying three times. He wants the 
best kind of foliage in the Fall. 
Some fruit growers who have been very 
successful in growing apples have not 
solved the problem of harvesting and mar¬ 
keting their product. Mr. Dunlap very em¬ 
phatically condemns the practice of selling 
the apples on the trees. No man, he main¬ 
tains, can come in from the outside and 
harvest a crop of apples with less expense 
than the owner with his own help and help 
secured in the neighborhood. In speaking 
a word for better packing, he thinks we 
ought to have the consumer in mind, not 
the buyer. The California orange growers 
had their lesson when they shipped frosted 
oranges. People fight shy of oranges after 
once having feasted on a frosted one. A 
person may buy one barrel of apples that 
is nicely faced but has rubbish in the cen¬ 
ter, but it will be a long time before he 
takes another chance. One poor barrel, 
therefore, takes the place of three good 
ones. It is a fact that buyers have more 
confidence in Western apples, these being 
supposed to be the same all through the 
package, than in Eastern barrels. Apples 
well packed are half sold. When a grower 
has once established a reputation for good 
packing, he has solved the problem of sale 
and prices. 
A remarkable performance, and a revela¬ 
tion to many of us, was the speaking contest 
entered into by five Cornell students who 
delivered addresses on fruit growing topics 
in competition for two prizes aggregating 
$50. These were no orations of the class¬ 
room order. Every one of these addresses 
would have done credit to a fruit grower 
of learning and long time, ripe experience. 
To award the prizes, under such circum¬ 
stances, was probably no easy task. The 
“judges,” presided over by Dr. Jordan, di¬ 
rector of the State Station at Geneva, gave 
the first prize ($35) to n. B. Knapp, of 
Port Byron, for his talk on the necessity of 
“Better Grading and Packing of Fruits.” 
To F. E. Rogers, of Canandaigua, who 
spoke about “Better Farm Book and Record 
Keeping,” went the second prize of $15. 
“Progressive and Aggressive Fruit Grow¬ 
ing” was the theme assigned to W. H. 
Hook, of Waterville. E. C. Auehter, of 
South Greece, spoke in favor of each farmer 
growing his own nursery trees, and E. A. 
Brown on “Better Apple Grading.” In the 
estimation of the majority, the five ad¬ 
dresses were about of equal merit. This 
must have also been Mr. Baker’s idea when 
he donated to each of the three who failed 
to win a prize an extra prize of $10. The 
announcement won the plaudits and full 
approval of the crowd. 
One of the best addresses of this meet¬ 
ing was that by Mrs. Dunlap, the Senator’s 
wife, on the subject of “the balanced ra¬ 
tion for man.” Her references to the pro¬ 
per selection of foods, to the need of greater 
reliance on the products of garden and or¬ 
chard, the need of artistic common-sense 
dressing and common-sense shoes for women, 
the fuller utilization of the opportunities 
of rural life, etc., were bristling with good 
points and wholesome truths. Another 
strong address was that of Dr. Frank H. 
Lattin, of Albion, on “The Reclamation of 
Old Orchards,” of which more may be said 
later on. x. q. 
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Mount Hope Nurseries, 
Box 33, Rochester. N. Y. 
10 FRUIT TREES 
$2 9° 
0L 
Here 
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Every one as good 
as money can buy ! 
1 Red Astrachan Apple 1 Bartlett Pear 
1 King Apple 1 Duchess Pear 
1 Elberta Peach 1 Bradshaw Plum 
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ALLEN L. WOOD, Woodlawn Nurseries, 
591 Culver Road, Rochester, N. Y. 
WHITE TO US ABOUT 
ruit Trees 
King Bros., Nurseries, Dansville, N.Y. 
“BLACK’S QUALITY” 
FRUIT TREES 
NONE BETTER 
None Give Better Returns when They Fruit 
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and save agent’s discounts and middleman’s 
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PEACH and APPLE TREES 
a specialty. CATALOGUE FREE 
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HIGHTSTOWN. N. J. 
NURSERY STOCK 
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NO DISEASE 
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Write at once for New Descriptive Price List. 
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Dept. B, New Haven, Miisouri 
FRUIT TREES 
Buy them direct from the grower at first 
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prices. Catalog free. WM. J. REILLY, 
Nurseries, Box 69, Dansville, N. Y. 
PEACH 
APPLE 
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Have a Large Stock of the finest Fruit, 
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