1912.- 
HOW AND WHEN TO SPRAY. 
Machinery and Materials for Standard Work. 
While it is true that most growers of experience 
know and understand the general theory of spraying, 
it is thought desirable for the benefit of the novice to 
emphasize a few of the fundamental principles, a 
knowledge of which is necessary in the proper selec¬ 
tion and use of remedies to combat successfully the 
insect and fungus enemies of the orchard. It is of 
prime importance that the grower have a familiar 
knowledge of the insect and fungus diseases prevalent 
in his locality, and the susceptibility of the certain 
varieties in his orchard to the pests. He must know 
the proper treatment for the control of these pests, 
as well as the proper time and method of applying 
these preventives to be most effective. All this comes 
only from a study of the life and habits of the pests 
under consideration. 
First of all I wish to say that it is much a waste 
of time and money to attempt spraying with small 
and inferior machinery. The best results are accom¬ 
plished when a pressure of at least 200 pounds can be 
constantly maintained. With a small machine it is 
possible to control in a way such pests as San Jose 
scale, scab, second brood of Codling moth and most 
fungus diseases, but the worst ravages that are made 
in the orchard are made by the first brood of Cod¬ 
ling moth and curculio, and it is impossible to do 
effective work against 
these with a pressure 
less than 150 pounds and 
a good agitator. 
SAN JOSE SCALE. 
—Suffice it to say that 
we are ready to enter 
the orchard, just before 
the buds open in the 
Spring. We have a gas¬ 
oline power outfit that 
will maintain a pressure 
of 200 pounds. The 
tank is filled with 
lime-sulphur, Winter 
strength. If th,e| trees 
are 12 years old or 
younger, two leads of 
hose, each 40 feet long 
with a bamboo rod 10 
feet long; on the end of 
each have one “Bor¬ 
deaux” nozzle set at an 
angle of 45 degrees, will 
be enough. If the trees 
are more than 12 years 
old and are well grown, 
we should have a third 
lead of hose equipped as 
the other two, this to be 
operated from a tower 
built on the spray 
wagon. The contour of 
the land permitting, we 
will follow the rows 
with and against the 
wind, taking two rows at 
a time. Naturally the 
spray will be applied di¬ 
rectly to the bare trunks 
and branches, and at 
close range, driving the 
mixture into the crev¬ 
ices and under the loose bark, the lodging place of 
fungi spores and insect pests. Most of the scale 
will be found on young wood, but we will stay with 
the tree until we have covered every inch of it com¬ 
pletely. Thoroughness will be our guide mark in all 
the sprayings. The rods are given a motion like a 
paint brush in spreading paint, the rod should be 
constantly shifted and twisted, throwing the spray in 
all directions. This work should be done mainly from 
the inside of the tree, throwing the spray outward, 
then finishing the unsprayed parts up from the out¬ 
side, being sure to cover all the limbs, branches and 
twigs all around top. bottom, and both sides thorough- 
ly. Avoid letting the spray run down and accumulate 
around the crown of the tree, as it is likely to cause 
the trunk to corrode just below the surface of the 
ground, often called “collar rot.” 
SCAB.—The first application for this should be 
made just after the buds open, and before the blos¬ 
soms open, with lime-sulphur, Summer strength. Use 
two cyclone nozzles on each pole set at an angle of 
45 degrees, making a mist spray. Apply in the same 
thorough manner as for scale. If the application for 
scale is made previous to this, or if your varieties 
are not susceptible to the attacks of scab this spraying 
might be omitted. 
T'HtO RURAL, NEW-YORKER 
CODLING MOTH AND CURCULIO.—Just as 
soon as three-fourths of the blossoms have fallen you 
should commence this, your most important spraying. 
You should use lime-sulphur, Summer strength, with 
four pounds of arsenate of lead to every 100 gallons 
of water. Here is where your high pressure outfit is 
necessary to do effective work. This should be 
equipped as for scale, having three leads of hose, with 
two “Bordeaux” nozzles on the end of each rod, set 
at an angle, and set open as wide as possible, this 
will make the spray coarse and driven with a pres¬ 
sure of 200 to 250 pounds will make it possible to 
penetrate the calyx of every apple. At this time about 
one-third of the calyx will be pointed downward, 
while the other two-thirds will be pointed upwards 
and all directions. Therefore it is necessary that 
the spray be driven into these, at close range, from 
all directions. As you approach the tree stop just 
before the wagon is opposite the tree, the man in 
the tower directing his driving spray downward into 
the upturned calyx cups on the near side of each 
tree on both sides of him. The men on the ground 
spraying the side of the tree nearest them with their 
nozzles turned upwards, then from them, going 
around the far side of the tree from the wagon, and 
turning the nozzles in just the opposite direction as 
they retrace their steps, all the time they have kept 
their poles waving up and down the outside surface. 
Then the wagon is driven up until they are just past 
261 
days later this spraying should again be repeated, as 
it is at this time the second brood of Codling moth is 
hatched, and the worms will soon be entering the 
small apples, and at this time the curculio food and 
egg puncture are beginning a period of abundance. The 
thoroughness of the foregoing spraying should like¬ 
wise be the chief characteristic of this one. No other 
spraying for the Codling moth and curculio are neces¬ 
sary, though some people make more. The tendency 
everywhere should be reduce the number of sprayings 
and increase the efficiency of those applied. 
BITTER ROT.—Where one has varieties susceptible 
to this disease it has often proved very disastrous. 
Much of the fruit is attacked before it is picked, and 
a good deal appears after the apples have been put 
in storage. One or two sprayings with Bordeaux, 
4-4-50 solution, will be necessary to control this 
dreaded disease, once it gets a foothold. They should 
be applied the middle of July and again in two or 
three weeks, according to varying climatic condition. 
These s-prayings should be done with the mist noz¬ 
zles. In combating this disease, besides thoroughly 
covering all the foliage on both sides, and the apples, 
that are now about two-thirds full size, the limbs 
should be thoroughly coated on all sides, both top 
and bottom, as it is in the cankers made on these by 
the disease that the fungi hibernate. All of these 
should be well scraped out. In well-kept orchards 
ibis disease is not likely to cause serious injury, only 
during unusual seasons 
especially favorable to 
the growth of the dis¬ 
ease. Successful spray¬ 
ing demands that each 
year the number of 
worms, and amount of 
fungi disease in the or¬ 
chard be reduced below 
that of the previous sea¬ 
son. If this is not ac¬ 
complished there is 
something wrong with 
the grower’s methods. 
Clean cultivation and es¬ 
pecially the frequent 
stirring of the soil under 
the tree will do much to 
prevent the worms un¬ 
dergoing their transfor¬ 
mation under clods, and 
about the crown of the 
tree. R. h. clemmer. 
Virginia. 
SPRAYING AN APPLE TREE WITH $75 CROP. Fig. 90 
the tree, the man in the tower finishes spraying down¬ 
ward into every calyx cup, while the men on the 
ground finish up that side of the tree as they did 
the other side, and finally finish up by spraying on 
the inside of the tree any part that may have escaped 
the terrible driving spray that was first applied from 
below and then from the outside. Stay with every 
tree until you are certain that every calyx cup has 
been filled with the pojson. Stop occasionally and 
examine one or two of the small apples, cutting off 
the calyx end, and in this manner you can readily see 
what is being accomplished. I cannot emphasize too 
strongly the thoroughness with which this one spray¬ 
ing should be done; this one thing is worth much 
more than all the rest of the advice given in this 
article put together. While controlling the Codling 
moth and curculio this spraying, together with the 
ones to follow, will also control aphids, scab, frog 
eye, and in a measure cedar rust. Ten days to two 
weeks later, since it is at this time that feeding punc¬ 
tures of the curculio are being made, another appli¬ 
cation should be made, the same as the one just previ¬ 
ous, only the nozzles should be changed from the 
coarse driving type to ones that will produce a fine, 
mist-like spray, the object being to coat the surface 
of every apple and leaf, both bottom and top. Ten 
A PROLIFIC BANANA 
The picture shown in 
Fig. 89 was reproduced 
from the “Gardener’s 
Chronicle,” of London, 
England, the original 
photograph being sent to 
that paper by Mr. # S. V. 
B. Down of Singapore. 
The plant shown (Musa 
sapientum, var. “King of 
Thousands”) is growing 
in a Singapore garden, 
and the bunch of fruits 
is about seven feet in 
length. It is difficult to 
form a correct estimate 
of the number of fruits on this single stem, but 
it must be well over 2,000. As may be seen, room 
has been made to enable growth to continue, for the 
inflorescence is still throwing off its large bracts, and 
developing fresh flowers. Several years ago the 
“Gardener’s Chronicle” figured a similar bunch of 
bananas from Penang, Federated Malay States, the 
variety being locally known as “Elephant’s Trunk,” 
but it is believed to be identical with “King of Thou¬ 
sands.” The banana and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) 
surpass in quantity of food produced any other plants, 
in proportion to space occupied. It has been calculated 
that the same area required to yield 33 pounds of 
wheat, or 99 pounds of potatoes, will yield 4,400 
pounds of plantains. 
The latest “scientific” proposition is a very cheap 
method for extracting gold from sea water! As is 
well known, sea water shows traces of every metal in 
solution. For ages the forces of nature have been at 
work breaking down and dissolving the earth’s sur¬ 
face and washing it away to the ocean. Without’ 
question gold may be found in sea water, and year 
after year the old scheme of extracting it comes up. 
Usually the plan involves the sale of stock to raise 
funds for operating, and there is gold in the “water” 
of this stock—for the promoters. The latest scheme 
seems to have more to it than previous ones, but wc 
warn our readers not to invest in it. 
