1912. 
303 
THE RURAb NEW-YORKER 
FIGHT AGAINST CODLING MOTH. 
Part II. 
The returns from the check or un¬ 
sprayed trees for the three years during 
which these experiments have been in 
progress are of exceptional interest, 
since they afford the only reliable basis 
for comparison. First, we should note 
that only 68.78 per cent, of all the fruit 
on the check trees was free from worms, 
about one-third, namely, 31.22 per cent 
being more or less injured by Codling 
moth larvae. This fruit, as well as that 
on the sprayed trees, was carefully ex¬ 
amined and the character of the injury 
determined. We found that about two- 
thirds to three-fourths of the wormy 
fruit had been entered at the blossom 
end, or, in other words, 20.95 per cent of 
the total yield was end-wormy, and indi¬ 
cates the great importance of spraying in 
such a way as to destroy the young 
caterpillars or apple worms before they 
can enter the fruit. With the above in 
mind let us study the results obtained 
on the plots sprayed once, twice, three 
end and side wormy, to their respective 
groups) shows a ratio of 1 to 6 l / 2 -, 1 to 
7+ ; 1 to 314; 1 to 1-f- and 1 to 1 — 
between the end and the side wormy. 
It would seem as though nothing fur¬ 
ther were necessary to show that the 
major portion of the execution results 
from the poison applied early at the 
blossom end and produces a consequent 
reduction in the end wormy apples. 
The necessity of fhorough work can¬ 
not be over-emphasized. It is exceed¬ 
ingly difficult, even for a practical fruit 
grower, to cover all parts of the tree. 
This was well brought out in 1909. One 
experimental tree was sprayed to the 
thorough satisfaction of a fruit grower, 
yet the supervising entomologist called 
attention to the fact that a portion was 
not thoroughly treated. The condition 
was not corrected, a record was made 
and the returns at picking time showed 
that this poorly sprayed tree produced 
from two to three per cent more wormy 
apples than any other in the plot, and 
this in spite of the fact that it was one 
SPRAYED TWICE—12.30 PER CENT SOUND—ONLY SEVEN WORMY. Fig. 139. 
times and once late during the above of the heavier laden trees and should 
mentioned three-year period. therefore, other things being equal, have 
The single application resulted in se- yielded a higher percentage of sound 
curing from 82.08 to 98.96 per cent of fruit. There is abundant evidence to 
sound fruit on the various plots, or an show that our general results have not 
average of 97.23 per cent for the entire been greatly superior to what others 
period. The minimum percentage oc- have obtained in different sections of 
curred on a plot which was hardly typ- the country. The tests with but one 
ical in all respects of what we consider spray have not been so numerous, and 
a well-kept commercial orchard, and is U P to within a few years were conducted 
therefore somewhat lower than should under conditions where error could not 
obtain under normal conditions. More- be easily eliminated. It is only fair to 
over, this result was obtained in 1910, add that other experimenters have ob- 
a year when the second brood was ex- tained substantially the same results 
cessively injurious. The two sprayings from one thorough spraying, 
gave a percentage of sound fruit, rang- The available data justifies the con¬ 
ing from 83.45 to 99.54 per cent, or an elusion that in normal years, with a 
average of 97.65 per cent of sound fruit, fairly abundant crop, one early spraying 
The three sprayings produced from within a week or 10 days after the blos- 
98.99 to 99.54 per cent of sound fruit, soms fall, should result in securing 95 
or an average of 99.22 per cent. This to 98 per cent of sound fruit. A slight 
data is relatively too high, since no plots benefit will accrue from the second treat- 
were sprayed three times in 1910 and, ment given three weeks later, and an 
as a consequence the three-spray system additional gain from a third spraying, 
was not subjected to the severe test the the latter part of July. The returns 
one and two sprays underwent during 
the year the second brood was so abun¬ 
dant. 
Three other plots were sprayed in 
1910 and 1911 once and late, namely, 
about three weeks after blossoming time, 
for the sole purpose of securing data 
on the relative value of this application. 
The percentage of sound fruit ranged 
from 57.35 to 93.57 per cent or an aver¬ 
age of 77.47 per cent of sound fruit. 
This last percentage is approximately 
midway between the average of 97.23 per 
cent of sound fruit resulting from one 
application and the sound fruit obtained 
on check trees, namely, 68.78 per cent. 
In other words, this one late spraying 
is, other things being equal, only about 
one-half as effective as a similar treat¬ 
ment given within a week or 10 days 
after the blossoms fall, preferably in 
the earlier rather than the later part of 
this period. 
A study of the wormy fruit shows 
that the great reduction in wormy ap¬ 
ples is due to the destruction of the 
young apple worms as they attempt to 
enter the blossom end, and indicates 
in no uncertain manner the great im¬ 
portance of thoroughly spraying the 
blossom ends of the young fruit. The 
average percentage of end wormy fruit 
for the three years on plots sprayed but 
once was only .394 per cent; for two 
sprayings, .308 per cent; for three spray¬ 
ings, .185 per cent, while on the check 
trees it was 20.95 per cent, the plots 
sprayed but once and then three weeks 
after blossoming, producing 12.26 per 
cent of end wormy apples. If, for pur¬ 
poses of comparison, we raise pro rata 
the yield on the plots sprayed but once 
late and also those on the check trees, 
we find an interesting condition. Those 
sprayed once, twice, thrice, once late and 
the check trees produced respectively, 
2,738, 2,204, 807, 15,034 and 30,888 wormy 
apples, there being a perceptible de¬ 
crease in injured fruit with successive 
sprayings, and a marked increase in the 
number of wormy apples on the late 
sprayed trees—wormy fruit was espe¬ 
cially abundant on the checks. A com¬ 
parison between the end wormy and 
side wormy (adding those apples, both 
from the latter two are comparatively 
small, so far as the Codling moth is 
concerned, though ample to meet the 
Continued on page 395. 
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