678 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
May 4, 
FRUIT INJURY IN NEW JERSEY. 
The following may be said in refer¬ 
ence to Winter injury in New Jersey. 
Considerable Winter injury has oc¬ 
curred to trees and shrubs throughout 
the State of New Jersey during the past 
Winter. All fruit trees, with the excep¬ 
tion of peaches, appear to be in good 
condition, however. The more tender 
varieties of peaches, such as Reeves’ Fa¬ 
vorite, Early and Late Crawfords and 
Fox Seedling have suffered most se¬ 
verely, while such varieties as Greens¬ 
boro, Waddell, Carman and Hiley have 
shown themselves to be much hardier. 
Some orchards in the State should have 
a full crop, if favorable weather occurs 
during the oming period. Many 
orchards, however, have lost most of 
their fruit buds. The injury to ever¬ 
green trees and shrubs has been quite 
general, and even such hardy trees as 
the hemlock, the White pine and the 
cedar show considerable injury to their 
foliage. This is most serious on weak 
trees as might be expected. Where the 
evergreens have well matured buds on 
the twigs, even where the needles are 
injured, new growth will probably take 
place as soon as favorable weather oc¬ 
curs and the twigs should recover from 
much of the injury. Where the twig 
itself is actually killed, however, the 
trees or shrubs will have to put out 
growth back of these points. Cali¬ 
fornia privet has also been quite gen¬ 
erally killed back, but much of this 
injury is confined to the small growth 
which occurred after the Summer clip¬ 
ping, and the privet is already making 
growth below the point of injury. All 
injured hedges should be cut back to 
live wood immediately, as this will 
give the hedge a better appearance 
and encourage the plant to make a much 
better growth. The privet should have 
started enough by this time in any lo¬ 
cation, so that one can easily determine 
the extent of injury. Some ornamen¬ 
tal shrubs have also been killed back, 
and these should also be cut back to live 
wood. This will enable the plants to 
recover more easily and give the plant 
a much better appearance. Dead twigs 
and branches above the growing foliage 
gives a very untidy appearance. In 
some cases, some of the older canes 
and stems of shrubs have been so 
severely injured that the whole cane 
should be removed entirely, and allow 
the new canes to take their place. 
N. J. Experiment Station. M. A. blake, 
SOME FACTS ABOUT FISH CULTURE. 
A. 1 If. F., Qacje, N. Y .—I have been in¬ 
terested in the question from New Jersey 
on page 7, and the answers from C. L. 
M. and S. L. I have a pond nearly a 
quarter of an acre in size fed by springs 
which I would like to stock with fish. Our 
State laws prohibit any one stocking a 
private pond even though he go and catch 
fish in season and in a legal way; you 
must eat them, not save them in a private 
pond. If there is any way that a person 
can stock a private pond I would like to 
know it, and with what kinds if any. 
Ans. —Replying to A. M. F. and 
others who inquire about the establish¬ 
ment of private fish ponds and hatcher¬ 
ies ; I am able to furnish the follow¬ 
ing information largely through the 
courtesy of Mr. James Annin, consult¬ 
ing fish culturist of Caledonia, N. Y., 
and also of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, fish 
culturist of the New York State Con¬ 
servation Commission. It is true that 
the New York State Fish and Game 
law, which was amended at the last ses¬ 
sion of the Legislature, prohibits the 
taking of trout, or lake trout, from the 
natural waters of the State for the pur¬ 
pose of stocking private ponds or 
streams, but such trout may be pur¬ 
chased at any time from private hatch¬ 
eries for this purpose, as a special per¬ 
mit is issued to such hatcheries upon 
application to the Conservation Com¬ 
mission enabling them to dispose of 
their product at any time in the year. 
Whether this provision of the law would 
be so construed as to permit the owner 
of a private pond or hatchery to sell 
trout during the closed season for food 
purposes, I am unable to say, but it 
would appear to me to be very doubt¬ 
ful. The expense of establishing a 
private hatchery is a very variable mat¬ 
ter, they having been built at from $400 
to $4,000, according to location and 
other considerations. The State Hatch¬ 
eries devoted in the main to trout cul¬ 
ture, represent an investment of about 
$145,000, and require from $5,000 to 
$12,000 per years for maintenance. Trout 
establishments at private sales have 
brought all the way from $10,000 to 
$50,000 in various parts of the country. 
If a farmer has a natural pond or 
brook, fed by springs, and containing 
sufficient water so that the surface tem¬ 
perature never goes over 68 or 70 de¬ 
grees, it is safe to say that it will be 
suitable for some one of the trouts, 
either brook, brown, rainbow or lake 
trout. If, however, such a pond has a 
depth of 10 feet or more in places, the 
surface temperature may safely go 
above 70 degrees during a hot spell. 
If a natural pond or brook never con¬ 
tained trout it is safe to assume that 
it is not suited to them, and no expense 
should be incurred in stocking it. Arti¬ 
ficial ponds having a good supply of 
spring water available are often made, 
and stocked with trout, with the very 
best results, and these fish should be 
preferred if conditions are suitable for 
them. Brook trout fry may be pur¬ 
chased in April from private hatcheries 
at about $3 per thousand, and in June 
$6; if the latter month is very warm it 
is not safe to ship them, however, with¬ 
out an attendant. In the Spring months 
trout from 12 to 14 months old are 
furnished at from $35 to $45 per thou¬ 
sand, and in the Fall, what are termed 
fingerlings, or trout from nine to 10 
months old may be had at from $20 to 
$25 per thousand. It is not advisable 
to attempt to stock a pond during the 
Summer months. A provision of the 
new law requires tagging of trout sold 
from a private hatchery by means of 
government tags. 
The following books on fish culture 
are recommended by the State Conserv¬ 
ation Commission to those interested in 
the subject: Manual of Fish Culture, 
issued by the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries, out of print, but still to be 
had in the report of that Bureau" for 
1897, from Superintendent of Docu¬ 
ments, Capitol, Washington, D. C., price 
75 cents; also “Domesticated Trout,” by 
Livingston Stone, to be had from book¬ 
sellers. M. B. D. 
Keeping Apples Out Doors. 
Mr. Win. Riehl of Washington Co., Mo., 
sent us reecntly two Winter apples, firm, 
plump, and in fine condition. He said they 
were kept outdoors on the ground all Win¬ 
ter ! As the mercury goes far below zero 
in that locality we were curious to know 
just what “outdoors” means. Mr. Riehl 
now tells us as follows: 
“We put 100 bushels in a pile, some 10 
feet long and 4% feet wide, then put some 
burlaps over the apples to keep leaves in 
place, then we put six inches of leaves (12 
inches would have been better), then a 
little straw, then made a roof out of loose 
boards to keep them dry. Along in Decem¬ 
ber we put more straw, in all about 12 
inches. After it was packed, then left 
them alone until last of February and 
they come out in fine shape. We have done 
that for three Winters with perfect suc¬ 
cess ; if apples are sound there is practical¬ 
ly no loss. We had about the same amount 
in cellar, and if anything those outdoors 
came out the best. Our coldest last Win¬ 
ter >was one night 26 and another 32 be¬ 
low zero, and during January thermometer 
averaged around zero.” 
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JACOBSON MACHINE MFG. CO. 
Dept. D Warren, Pa. 
The Chain of Communication 
E ACH Bell Telephone is the 
center of the system. This 
system may be any size or any 
shape, with lines radiating 
from any subscriber’s telephone, 
like the spokes of a wheel, 
to the limits of the subscriber’s 
requirements, whether ten miles 
or a thousand. 
Somewhere on the edge of this 
subscriber’s radius is another who 
requires a radius of lines stretch¬ 
ing still further away. On the 
edge of this second subscriber’s 
radius is still a third, whose re¬ 
quirements mean a further exten¬ 
sion of the lines, and so on. 
This endless chain of systems 
may be illustrated by a series of 
overlapping circles. Each addi¬ 
tional subscriber becomes a new 
center with an extended radius 
of communication, reaching other 
subscribers. 
However small the radius, the step- 
by-step extension from neighbor 
to neighbor must continue across 
the continent without a stopping 
place, until the requirements of 
every individual have been met. 
There can be no limit to the ex¬ 
tension of telephone lines until the 
whole country is covered. There 
can be no limit to the system of 
which each Bell telephone is the 
center, up to the greatest distance 
that talk can be carried. 
Because these are the fundamental 
needs of a nation of telephone 
users, the Bell System must pro¬ 
vide universal service. 
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