1912. 
973 
GRAFTING STOCKS FOR CHERRIES." 
A. S. II., New Hampshire .—A few years 
ago a correspondent of your journal asked 
if a cultivated cherry could be grafted 
upon a wild tree. Your reply was that it 
could not be done. As I had had some little 
experience in grafting small fruits, my 
attention was called to the article, and I 
wrote you that such grafting not only could 
but had been done successfully in my own 
garden. You wrote me, courteously, in re¬ 
ply, that I must have made a mistake in 
the selection of the tree grafted. Since 
then I have encouraged a sucker to grow 
upon this tree from a point below the 
graft, and this year I have had an abun¬ 
dant yield of deliciously sweet Napoleon 
cherries, and wild, sour, inedible “pin” cher¬ 
ries upon the same tree. Not being a horti¬ 
culturist I may still be wrong. The pin 
cherry may not, in a pomological sense, be 
a wild tree, notwithstanding it grows 
abundantly in wild lands and pastures in 
this section. The fruit is exceedingly small, 
disagreeable in taste and unfit for use, and 
is rarely touched, even by the ubiquitous 
and omnivorous small boy. I may add that 
I have not had success in grafting the 
domestic fruit upon the black cherry, the 
fruit of which, as you know, grows in 
strings or clusters. 
Ans. —In all probability it was I who 
answered the question referred to about 
the wild cherries as stocks for. the cul¬ 
tivated varieties in a discouraging way. 
While they may be made to unite with 
the “Pin” cherry, which is one of the 
natives of the North, as I know by my 
own experience as long ago as 1868, in 
the clearings of Michigan, and by re¬ 
peated observations since, I also know 
that trouble is sure to follow. The root 
system of this wild species is so poor 
that the trees will finally fail to with¬ 
stand the tests of the bearing age, as I 
have seen in several orchards. As nur¬ 
sery trees they are all right, but I have 
seen them falling over from the weight 
of foliage and fruit at bearing age. I 
know at least one nurseryman in Michi¬ 
gan who has sold and is yet selling 
cherry trees budded on this unsuitable 
stock. The small and bitter character 
of the fruit is not against it as a stock, 
for it is not to be eaten anyhow. The 
Mahaleb is the best stock for the sour 
cherries, such as Richmond, Mont¬ 
morency, Philippe and all of that class, 
but it is not suitable for the sweet and 
heart cherries, the Mazzard being the 
proper stock for them. As I am writ¬ 
ing this reply from my Summer stop¬ 
ping place in northern Michigan, on the 
next farm to the famous cherry orchard 
of Paul Rose, which is, perhaps, the 
largest one in this country or elsewhere, 
I have almost daily opportunity to see 
the behaviour of the different varieties 
on all the stocks mentioned. Last year 
I wrote an article for The R. N.-Y..on 
this subject, and illustrated it with pho¬ 
tographs taken in this orchard. Some 
of the weakly trees then shown are now 
dead and replaced by young ones, and 
others are fast failing. In all these 
cases they were sweet cherry trees on 
Mahaleb stocks. Mr. Rose has lost 
many splendid, large, bearing trees from 
this cause and told me only the other 
day that he now tells all who consult 
him about selecting and planting cherry 
trees to get the sweet varieties only on 
Mazzard stocks, if possible, and if this 
is not possible to plant those grown on 
Mahaleb stock so deep that they will be 
able to send down roots from above the 
place of union. The greater part of his 
thrifty trees, whether of the sweet or 
sour varieties, now have such roots. 
Many of the failures of cherry trees in 
all sections are directly chargeable to 
being on unsuitable stocks. 
H. E. VAN DEMAN. 
Improving Wet Meadow. 
C. P. L., Spencer, Hass .—I have a mea¬ 
dow that is covered with water all Winter 
and till quite late in the Spring. I was 
able to mow it with a machine by putting 
bags on horses’ feet, also got hay in same 
way. The land is partly covered with moss. 
Can you tell me of something that will kill 
the moss, also improve the land for hay? 
What can I do in case I wished to drain 
the above meadow? The person who owns 
adjoining meadow will not drain his, as he 
does not believe in improvements in fences 
or land, so what could I do when I reached 
his land? 
Ans. —You can hardly hope to make 
a profitable meadow out of this with¬ 
out thorough drainage. The surplus 
water must be taken out before Timothy 
grass will do well. Try to get your 
neighbor to see the advantage of drain¬ 
age. Perhaps he will let you cut an 
open ditch along a fence or wall. In 
some cases where there is a sand or 
gravel subsoil, well or saucer drainage 
will answer. This means digging a 
large hole at the low point—down into 
gravel. Then fill it with stones and run 
drains to it. The water, or much of it, 
The rurai* 
will pass away through the gravel. An 
application of lime—one ton of burned 
lime to the acre—will give some help irj 
sweetening this soil, but drainage is p 
necessity. 
Complaint About Rural Carrier. 
IF. L. G., West Parh, O .—Is a R. F. D. 
carrier obliged to travel his full route every 
day? Can he be excused from full route 
by complaining of too much work? What 
is the proper method of making complaint, 
and to whom? 
Ans.—A rural carrier is required to 
travel his route in its entirety each day 
on which service is to be performed 
unless it is absolutely impossible for 
him to do so because of extraordinary 
weather or road conditions. Complaints 
of irregularities in the rural mail ser¬ 
vice, when submitted to this bureau 
with all the facts in the case, will re¬ 
ceive careful consideration. 
P. V. DE GRAW. 
Fourth Assistant Postmaster General. 
Fall or Winter Apples ; Windfalls for Pigs 
and Cows. 
A. C., Stroudsburg, Pa. —My orchard has 
about 20 bearing apple trees, and there 
seems to be a great number of varieties, 
hardly any two trees alike. How can I tell 
which apples would keep over Winter and 
which kind would only be suitable for im¬ 
mediate use? I have been feeding sweet 
apples to the pig, and it thrives on them. 
I would like to feed some of the sour kinds 
also, but I am told it would injure the 
animal and possibly kill it. Is this true? 
There is pretty good pasture for the cow in 
the orchard, but I have not dared turn her 
into it, as _ I am told she also would be 
seriously injured if she ate the sour apples 
which lie on the ground under the trees. 
Is this true? 
Ans. —The ripening of these apples is 
a pretty good test of their keeping quali¬ 
ties. Some of them are no doubt ripen¬ 
ing now. They will not be fit to keep 
through Winter. Those which ripen or 
continue growing last of all will be the 
best keepers. We let our hogs eat such 
apples as they prefer. Do not let the 
cows gorge on apples. They will go 
down into a condition which we call 
“drunk,” though the scientific men have 
a softer name for it. At any rate they 
will bloat, fall on the ground in a dazed 
condition and give no milk for a week 
or more. • A few quarts of apples each 
day will not hurt the cows, but do not 
let. them go where they can eat all they 
want. 
Cement for Roofs. 
In past years Tub R. N.-Y. has reported 
the use of concrete for roofs. It was stated 
that chicken wire was tacked over the old 
shingles and on this was plastered a thin 
coating of the concrete. Have such roofs 
really proved practical? 
Ans.—W e have made a study of the 
practice of the most successful concrete 
workers in this country relative to t-heir 
methods in the construction of roofs. 
They practically all now use concrete 
for this purpose, but we find that a 
covering over the concrete of one of 
the roofing papers is advisable. A roof 
is subjected to extreme conditions of 
temperature and moisture and it must, 
of course, be absolutely dry. By ap¬ 
plying a coating of tar and felt or tar 
and tar paper absolutely satisfactory re¬ 
sults are obtained. With this construc¬ 
tion a roof, which is one of the most 
vulnerable points in spreading a fire, 
is perfectly protected. Percy h. wilson. 
Hairy Vetch in Michigan. 
As Hairy vetch is very useful to 
farmers on light soil, I would like to 
offer a few suggestions to E. M. T., 
South Plainfield, in reply to his article, 
page 871. As the land in question was 
unused, it would have been well to 
plow it in the Spring, then cultivate oc¬ 
casionally during the Summer. This 
would keep down the weeds, conserve 
moisture, and assure a good seed bed. 
Then at any favorable time from the 
middle of July to the middle of August 
sow the seed. On thin land where vetch 
has not grown before, I would use at 
least 30 pounds per acre; after it has 
grown a few years, smaller amounts 
will do, down to 20 pounds, if put in 
with drill. Vetch is quite likely to make 
a feeble growth in the Fall, and for this 
reason should be sown reasonably early. 
The fact that it winter-killed last Fall 
must not dishearten him. The crop on 
my place had a good start in the Fall, 
but for the first time was killed, as we 
think, by the freezing and thawing in 
the early part of the Winter before the 
ground was covered with snow. This 
may not happen again, so in spite of 
the prohibitive price of seed, the little 
farm is again sown to vetch. Our usual 
practice here in southern Michigan is to 
sow at the last cultivation of corn, 
melons, tomatoes, etc., and with care 
and good judgment in vineyards and 
peach orchards. l. w. ruth. 
Berrien Co., Mich. 
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243 Main St., Sandwich, III. 
Branches- Box . Kansas City, Mo 
Branches. Bo)( 243 _ Councj , B|u fc. |g 
