1020 
THE RURAb NEW-YORKER 
October 5, 
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. 
Part III. 
The “ Divi," or Surplus. 
In looking backward at the early ef¬ 
forts of the pioneers of cooperation 
there seems some basis for the charge, 
often reiterated, that were it not for the 
divi there would have been no coopera¬ 
tive movement. For it is probable that 
this factor of a rebate or bonus on pur¬ 
chases had a great deal to do to bring 
this new system into prominence. What, 
then, is the divi, or surplus? When con¬ 
sumers band themselves together into a 
society or association to supply each 
one with the various commodities needed 
they have to employ persons to do this 
distribution, find a suitable place or 
center, rent or buy premises and vari¬ 
ous other items have to be charged, 
which may be classified as the cost of 
service of distributing. In practice this 
cost of the service is not a stable quan¬ 
tity, but it varies. Then in practice the 
items of total cost to the consumer are 
made up of three separate sums—the 
actual cost of commodities when they 
are bought; next, the cost of service of 
distribution, and, third, an added sum 
to cover the contingent charges, or 
profit, or whatever it may be called. 
In this paper it is called surplus, mak¬ 
ing up what the consumer or purchaser 
pays for them when he gets them. 
After a certain time the accounts are 
made up, the balance struck and the sur¬ 
plus now is known, and it is returned 
to the persons who made or created it 
in the form of a dividend on the total 
amount of their purchases. It is stated 
that this divi is an overcharge. Well, 
in one sense it is; but in another it is 
not, for it is returned later. It may be 
stated that as a general rule the co¬ 
operative societies charge to the con¬ 
suming member for the goods bought 
a price about the same in amount as he 
could buy from a private trader, the 
difference being in this fact, that the 
surplus is retained by the private trader 
as his individual profit. For it has to 
be noted that the cost of goods and 
service of distribution have to be paid 
for by the private trader in exactly the 
same way as a society or association 
of consumers would have to do so. 
A charge has been made by the 
enemies of cooperation that the divi is 
a bait to allure and deceive, and, fur¬ 
ther, that it is wrong in principle. Then 
all profit is wrong and more so if 
that is the case; but as this is not an 
article on ethics, let the reader follow 
it out for himself. 
Within a cooperative society, then, it 
follows that no such a thing as profit 
really exists, as no individual as such 
can make any profit honestly in such an 
association. The consumer setting out 
to supply himself with the necessities of 
life does as cheaply as he can, and as 
he does this for himself it follows he 
cannot very well make a profit out of 
himself. As already stated, this sur¬ 
plus in the vast turnover of the move¬ 
ment totals up a sum that runs into 
many millions of dollars, all of which 
is returned to the consumer, and it has 
to some extent helped to reduce the 
high cost of living to the consuming co- 
operator. The next article will deal 
with the “shareholder.” e. t. 
Remarks on the New York Fruit Show. 
At the State Fair the first prize of 
$25 for best plate of Rhode Island 
Greenings went to a plate of medium 
size, showing quite a bit of color or 
blush on each apple. Although this 
added to the beauty of the apple, I think 
the decision open to criticism on the 
ground that, Rhode Island Greening be¬ 
ing a commercial apple, any color other 
than green is not desirable in this va¬ 
riety. Commission men tell us that 
Greenings to bring the highest price 
tmust be distinctly green. Any color of 
(yellow or blush detracts from their sale. 
I noted a change also on the part of 
4he judges in judging the collections. 
fTheir decisions were plainly in favor of 
lapples of quality rather than for size, 
(color and general appearance. Hereto- 
[fore decisions have been in favor of 
isize and color without regard to quality. 
[How is an exhibitor to know from what 
(standpoint his fruit will be judged? 
iThe prize list merely says best collec¬ 
tion of five and 10 varieties, etc. Best 
(for what? General appearance, size, 
(quality, or all combined ? The Com- 
anissioners have a plain duty in making 
[this clear to exhibitors in the future. 
■ Although this was one of the greatest 
[exhibits of fruit ever shown at a State 
'fair, it was plainly evident that a new 
ball is greatly needed for this purpose. 
As now exhibited, it is practically im¬ 
possible for the general public to view 
(the different collections with any degree 
of intelligence. The public has a right 
to pass review on the decision of judges. 
The man interested, especially, takes a 
keen interest in doing this. How is he 
going to do it unless the names on 
plates are visible? It's a pity to get to¬ 
gether a great display of apples such as 
we had this year and then have them 
displayed at so poor advantage. May 
the new hall soon be forthcoming! 
Seneca Co., N. Y. w. A. b. 
PEACH ORCHARD RECORD. 
I have frequently stated that a peach 
orchard properly located and cared for 
should bear a good crop the fourth sea¬ 
son after planting, and I suppose this 
view is held by peach growers every¬ 
where. I am more than pleased that I 
can again “deliver the goods” this year. 
My three-year-old orchard of four 
dozen trees has done splendidly, with 
the exception of one variety—the Late 
Crawford. The following list shows 
the number of trees, together with the 
total yield of each variety, given in the 
order of ripening: 
Trees. Variety. Bushels. 
4 Alexander . 2% 
14 Belle of Georgia. 21 
19 Elberta . 18% 
4 Wheatland . 3% 
7 Late Crawford. % 
45% 
This is all and more than these young 
trees should have borne; however, they 
remain in prime condition and a nicer 
lot of trees I have never seen. We 
used at home about bushels of the 
peaches; the remainder were sold for 
the neat sum of $83.74. 
Notes on Varieties. 
Alexander is a very early white 
peach, but too much of a cling-stone to 
be profitable. Also very susceptible to 
brown rot. These trees were loaded, 
but many of them rotted, which ac¬ 
counts for the smaller yield as indi¬ 
cated. Belle of Georgia is a splendid 
white freestone peach, heavy bearer, 
good keeper, superb quality. A favor¬ 
ite with my customers as well as with 
myself. Premature fruit falling to the 
ground is inclined to be bitter. El¬ 
berta—This old standard is still a fa¬ 
vorite because of its extreme produc¬ 
tiveness and fine appearance of the fruit, 
though second in quality. On young 
thrifty trees the fruit-is large and of 
fairly good quality, but on heavily 
loaded old trees the fruit is of rather 
poor quality. After planting Wheat- 
land I was told this variety is a 
“shy bearer.” They have borne a fair 
crop of extra good fruit of fair size. 
Late Crawford is a failure here this 
year. Whether they do not bear so 
young or are not as hardy as other 
varieties I do not know. The fruit was 
fine, what little there was of it. Last 
Winter was, of course, a trying season 
for all varieties, and many buds were 
frozen all over the orchard. 
DAVID PLANK. 
Pennsylvania. 
Storing Turnips. 
II. L. Y.j Barrington, R. /.—Can you tell 
me bow I can store French turnips (Ma- 
comber), as they are too early for our 
markets, also very large? We, here in New 
England, had a very dry spell for weeks, 
so had to put in our seed early to be sure 
of a crop. The latter part of July I 
planted one pound of Macomber turnip seed 
to the acre; they were over two weeks in 
germinating, but in August we had several 
showers about a week apart. The turnips 
jumped ahead and to-day, September 11, 
are as large as a man’s head ; in fact al¬ 
most too large. I am pulling and trim¬ 
ming, but am at a loss as how to store 
them until the demand for them in cooler 
weather. I am selling a few bushels at a 
time, but must store the majority. 
Ans. —I do not know any turnip by 
the name Macomber. I kfiow the large 
White French Swede turnip, a white- 
fleshed rutabaga and also the Long 
White French. This last is so hardy 
here that it is left in the ground in 
Winter and keeps perfectly and without 
pithiness, and is one of the sweetest 
table turnips of the rutabaga class. In 
your climate I would let them remain in 
the ground till freezing weather threat¬ 
ens, and then lift them and put in coni¬ 
cal heaps of about 25 bushels on a thick- 
layer of straw and then cover with 
straw, and afterwards thickly with earth. 
Any frost that might get through this 
cover would do no harm to roots of 
such a hardy nature. Here, where we 
do not have zero weather, I would sim¬ 
ply throw a furrow to each side of the 
rows and let them stand. I keep late, 
beets, carrots, salsify and parsnips in 
this way here. Too early storing might 
cause them to heat and spoil. 
w. F. MASSEY. 
“For the Land’s Sake, use Bowker’s 
Fertilizers; they enrich the earth and 
those who till it.”— Adv. 
AppleTree; 
)80 
SS PLANT THIS FALL 
■ I Buy Direct From Us and 
I Save 50 to 75 Per Cent 
1 
pen 
L00 
YY/E are growers and guarantee all 
' our trees, true to name and free 
from disease, or money back. 
Write now for our Large Free Book, 
"Good Fruit and How to Grow It. ” 
It tells you what to plant, where to 
plant and how to plant. 
It also contains a true description of 
all varieties of Fruit and Ornamental 
Trees, Roses, Shrubs, Berries, etc. 
You cannot make a mistake if you 
have this book to guide you. 
Send for it now and see what a 
great help it will be to you. 
REILLY BROS. NURSERIES 
118 Reilly Road Dansville, N. Y. 
“BLACK’S QUALITY” 
FRUIT TREES 
NONE BETTER 
None Give Better Returns when They Fruit 
Buy Direct From the Nursery 
and save agent’s discounts and middleman’s 
profits. When you buy our trees you get a 
Dollar*s Worth of Trees 
tor every one hundred cents you remit to us. 
PEACH and APPLE TREES 
a specialty. CATALOGUE FREE 
JOS. H. BLACK, SON CO. 
HIGHTSTOWN. N. J. 
Apple, Peach, Pear Trees 
CAUR nursery stock is raised right— it is the best 
' ■ yon can buy. Clean, strong, well-formed 
trees that are vigorous and trne to variety—trees 
that will reach maturity—the kind YOU want. 
We also have a fine stock of Dwarf Fruit Trees, 
Careful attention given to shipping and packing. 
Satisfaction guaranteed Prices reasonable 
Write for Illustrated Catalog. 
ARTHUR J. COLLINS, Box R.. Moorestown, N J 
2c EACH and UP 
Also all kinds of 
NURSERY STOCK. 
Wholesale prices to planters. 
Write for FREE CATALOGUE. 
TENNESSEE NURSERY COMPANY 
Box 14, Cleveland, Tennessee 
FRUIT TREES at Wholesale 
Apples. 3 to 4 ft.17.00 per 100: Cherries, 3 to 4 ft., $5.00; 
Peach,2 to3 ft., $5.00; Pears,3 to 4 ft.. $6.00. GUAR¬ 
ANTEED First-Class, True to Name, Free from 
Scale. Write for Free Catalog and Price on other 
sizes. Send us a list of your wants for special prices. 
WM. J. REILLY Nurseries, Box 68, Dansville, N. Y. 
IflMnC’ FRUIT TREES 
ImlluMW are purchased by the best 
orchardists. Send for free cat¬ 
alog now. Big discounts for Fall Delivery. 
KING BROS. NURSERIES, Dansville. N.Y. 
“It's Cheapest to Buy the Best” 
First-Class FRUIT TREES 
FOR FALL PLANTING. Propagated from 
trees of known merit* True to name. No scale. 
SAMUEL FRASER, Box C, Geneseo, N. Y. 
FOR SALE IN CAR LOAD LOTS 
German stock Beets; excellent quality. Delivery 
Oct. 1st to Oct, 20th. Price. F.O.B., Auburn, N. Y., 
$5.50 per ton. H. C. HEMINGWAY 8 CO.. Auburn, N. Y. 
FAY & WILDER CURRANT BUSHES 
Very fine, 2 year old, true to name. $18 per M 
J, F. WYGANT, Marlboro, New Y’ork 
CT. LOUIS GRAND PRIZE WHEAT-11.60 
13 per bushel. Jersey Red Pigs, 4 months old, $15. 
Will exchange boar to avoid inbreeding. 
H. A. CROASDALE, Delaware Water Gap, Penna, 
/00,000 Hardy Fruit Trees PLANTING 
;it wholesale prices. Cherries, D to 6 ft., 10c each; 4 to 
5 ft., 6c each. Genesee Valley grown, direct from 
nursery to planter. Write for free illus. catalogue. 
1. W. Wells Wholesale Nurseries. 10 Treeacres Road, Dansville, N. Y. 
Peach and Apple Trees 
For fall or spring planting. Prices right; stock 
right. MYEK & SON, Bridgeville, Delaware 
Alfalfa Hay 
THE WONDERFUL, MILK-PRODUCING FEED. 
BRIDGE & SOUTER, Pioneer Shippers, Canastota, N. Y. 
GINSENG SEED FOR 
fell in lots of 10.000 and upward for $1.00 per 1000. 
J. A. THOMAS, - - - Moravia, N. Y. 
APPLE BARRELS-Car Lots or Less 
ROBT. GILLIES MEDINA, N. Y. 
PEACH] 
and 
APPLE 
Choice Rye 8 Timothy Seed-^gglS 
cation- J. N. MacPherson, Pine Yiew Farm, Scoitsville, N-Y. 
...SPECIAL... 
SPRAYER 
PRICES 
to those who buy 
or exchange for 
new model 
N OW 
“ Friend ” Mfg. Co. 
GASPORT, N. Y. 
BOTHERED 
WITH SCALE? 
The oneabsolute- 
ly sure spray for 
San Jose is 
“Scalecide.” Used 
in the best orchards 
everywhere. En¬ 
dorsed by Experiment Sta¬ 
tions. Will keep your trees 
cleanandhealthy andmake them 
yield number one fruit. Better 
than lime sulphur. Easy to handle. Will not clog 
or corrode the pump or injure the skin. "Scalecide” 
has no substitute. OUR SERVICE DEPART¬ 
MENT furnishes everything for the orchard. 
Write today to Department »<N”for new book 
—“Pratt's Hand Book for Fruit Growers" 
and "Scalecide" the Tree Saver. Both free. 
B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Church Street, New York City 
NATURAL Ground phosphate! 
Will add immen¬ 
sely to the quan¬ 
tity, quality and 
appearance of 
your^fruit.F 
FINE- 
Ground 
"THE RELIABLE 
J_AND 
k BUILD- 
. ER 
$1.25 worth per 
acre will add 50 
to 75% to your 
crop yields. 
Leading Agricultural 
Experiment Stations 
confirm this, as our 
free Booklet shows. 
THE FARMERS GRO UND ROCK PBQSPHATE CO-t^sIeeI 
Write for free Booklet 
telling all about it. 
! ,. ‘Address. .’ 
JMjf 
San Jose Scale Killer 
KIL-O-SCALE is the most reliable 
remedy for Scale. Ready for use 
by simply mixing with water. Also 
Lime, Sulphur and Spraying Out¬ 
fits. Write for catalogue. 
Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia,Pa. 
Not a single feature of our Maple Evaporator can be 
dispensed with. Simplest and most economical way of 
making Maple Syrup. Produces highest quality which 
brings the most money. Made in 22 sizes for large and 
small groves. Write for catalog and »tate numbe'- of 
trees vim tap. 
GIUMM MANUFACTURING CO. 
619 Champlain Ave., N. W., - Cleveland, O. 
V'A 
BETTER FRUIT TREES^ 
Direct from the grower, at half what you would 
pay" an agent 200,000 cAppIc trees, 175.000 Peach 
trees, and Pear, Cherry. Plum, Quince, shade and 
ornamental trees—all large, thrifty, and with fine 
roots. cAH Dansville grown, where San Jose scale 
has never been been found. We Pay the Freight . 
Free, illustrated Catalogue gives special 
Introductory" bargains, for Fall planting. 
Write today for Catalogue A 
DENTON, WILLIAMS <3L DENTON, Dansville, New York 
Farmers’ 
NAILS 
1.50 Keg 
Anywhere 
in New York. Pennsylvania. New Jersey. Delaware. 
Maryland. Ohio, Indiana. Illinois, Kentucky. 
Send Postcard, Name and address to 
RAYMOND McKEONE, P. 0. Box 1484, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
MOST POPULAR FRUIT TREE COLLECTION ever offered. 1 Elberta 
Peach, 1 Harvest Apple, 1 Bartlett Pear, 1 Seckel Pear 1 Montmorency 
Sour Cherry, I Oxheurt Sweet Cherry, 1 Orange Quince, 1 Maloney 
Prune. All 4 ft. high. GRAPES: 1 Concord, blue, I Niagara, white, 
1 Delaware, red. CURRANTS: I Perfection, red, 1 Champion, black:, 
1 White Grape, best while, 4 Rhubarb roots. Each tree and plant perfect. 
All for $1.00. Every Farm and Village Garden should have this col* 
lection. Send to-<fay. The bargain will surprise you. Write for FREE 
Illustrated Catalog of Guar&uteed True to Naine Trees. 300 Acres. Estab- 
ished 28 years. MALONEY BROS. & WELLS CO. 
Dansviile’s Pioneer Wholesale Nurseries 
i2Main St., Dansville, N. Y. 
