lien 
THE; RURAL, NEW-YORKER 
November 30, 
proposed to use this sawdust and trimmings from 
slabs and other refuse to light and heat the city. 
This fuel will be used to develop steam. This gives 
power for electricity and also steam for heating pur¬ 
poses, and both light and heat will be sold at a low 
price. The promoters can afford to do this, since 
the sawdust and refuse make the cheapest kind of 
fuel. Thus a waste and a nuisance becomes valuable 
and provides a necessity for the city. This only 
follows out a law which is working through all manu¬ 
facturing enterprises. The profit is now coming out 
of what was formerly thrown away as waste. When 
once utilized it has great value. Much of the same 
thing must be worked out with agriculture. The 
plant food wastes from factories and from cities are 
enormous. They must some day all be saved and 
applied to the soil. Manufacturers must save eyery 
scrap of material. For example, the salmon factories 
buy tin plate, from which their fish cans are made. 
Tin scraps are left after cutting out the round tops 
and bottoms. Recently 200 tons of these scraps, worth 
$11 per ton, were shipped from Vancouver to Ger¬ 
many, where the scraps are used in making toys. 
GRAFTING THE GRAPEVINE. 
Will you tell me how to graft or bud a grapevine, and 
the time of year it should be done? n. o. 
Copiague, N. Y. 
Generally speaking, there are two principal kincs 
of grape grafting. These are bench grafting and 
vineyard grafting. The terms used refer to the place 
where the work is done rather than to the manner 
in which it is done. Bench grafting, as the name 
would indicate, is done indoors, and some time after 
the dormant stage is reached up to the time for 
planting, either in the nursery or in the vineyard. 
It is practiced very extensively in the grape-growing 
regions of Europe and in California. The principal 
object is to get desired varieties upon stocks that 
are resistant to insects and fungus troubles, and 
that are also more adaptable to the various soils. 
For example, certain of the stocks used have been 
found to be resistant to drought, some can tolerate 
more moisture than others, others show a preference 
for much lime, while others have their growth se¬ 
verely checked by the presence of very little. Certain 
stocks prefer gravelly soils and others clay. When a 
stock meets the conditions of the soil in which it is 
to be planted, and the variety grafted on it is con¬ 
genial, that is, a perfect union resulting, there is every 
likelihood that a more vigorous and productive vine 
will be obtained. 
Probably the first and principal cause for the bench 
grafting of the grape was the destruction of the 
vineyards of Europe by the phylloxera or root louse. 
The Old World species are especially subject to its 
attacks. Investigations proved that certain American 
species were quite resistant, and bench grafting re¬ 
sulted. The plan has proven very successful. Several 
of the methods used for grafting other fruits are 
employed, but the most common is the tongue-graft. 
Usually the resistant stocks to be used are grown 
from cuttings in the nursery for a year, then dug 
and grafted and planted in the nursery row the fol¬ 
lowing Spring, and after a year here they are ready 
for the vineyard planting. Sometimes instead of 
grafting rooted resistant stocks, cuttings of the re- 
sistants are grafted and planted in the nursery. This 
gives a resistant plant in less time, but loss in the 
number of salable plants is very considerable. It is 
generally agreed that resistant grape stocks influ¬ 
ence for good or bad the quality of the wine pro¬ 
duced from them. 
Vineyard grafting is employed sometimes instead 
of bench grafting to obtain a vineyard on resistant 
roots, sometimes to change over undesirable varieties, 
sometimes to grow a weak-rooted variety upon a 
stronger, and sometimes to fruit a new variety earlier 
than it could possibly be done otherwise. If the 
variety be a very desirable one and hard to obtain 
from the nurseryman, much more cutting wood can 
be obtained by grafting on a well established root 
system. 
My experience in grape grafting has been limited 
to the Spring. Some advocate the Fall. There are 
two periods in the Spring when the work can be 
successfully done; the first is before the vigorous 
flow of sap begins, and the second after this vigorous 
flow is over. If done before it should be two or 
three weeks in advance. The scions of the varieties 
that are to be grafted should be kept dormant till 
they are used. These should be of three bud length 
and must be of well matured wood. I prefer to 
prepare the scions for insertion before going into 
the field. Beginning at the level of the lower bud (a 
in the diagram), make a gently sloping cut about an 
inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long on 
either side of the scion. This gives an easy, taper¬ 
ing wedge. The side of*the wedge (a) should be 
cut thicker than the opposite side (b). After the 
scions are prepared they should be wrapped in a 
moist cloth and kept from the air as much as pos¬ 
sible. The tools needed in the vineyard are the hoe 
or shovel, a hack saw, a narrow hard-wood wedge, 
the pruning shears, a sharp grafting knife and a 
mallet. The soil is dug from around the vine to 
be grafted a little, depending upon the height above 
ground that the grafting is done. I prefer a height 
of one to two inches. This height renders it easier 
CLEFT-GRAFTING THE GRAPE. Fio. 497. 
to keep the scion roots cut off. Select a straight 
piece of the trunk at this level* and saw off just 
above it with the hack saw. Then across the middle 
of the sawn surface make a vertical slot with the 
hack saw, sawing it deep enough so that the cut 
surfaces of the scion can be almost covered when 
forced in, and the lower bud will be just above or 
at the level of the top of the stock. The wedge is 
now driven gently into the slot at the middle. Care 
should be taken not to drive it too far, as the stock 
will split and then will not hold the scion fast. The 
scions are now inserted in the slot, forcing them down 
gently till the outside bud (a) is about at the level 
of the stock. Also slant the scions outward a little. 
This insures a meeting of the sapwoods at one point 
at least. Where the size of the trunk to be grafted 
and that of the scion are nearly the same this is not 
so necessary, but where the difference is great it 
is very necessary for success. After the two scions 
are firmly inserted the wedge is carefully removed. 
Then soil is carefully mounded around and between 
the scions up to the top bud, firmly pressed and com¬ 
pacted. All that now shows of the operation is the 
top bud of each scion. No wax or wrapping of any 
kind is required. The mound of earth keeps the 
parts moist, while the spring of the stock firmly 
holds them in place. After a time shoots will be 
thrown from the stock and these should be broken 
off as fast as they appear. Later, if the work has 
been carefully done, and the scions were well matured 
and dormant, shoots will grow from them. When 
these get long enough they should be staked. About 
midsummer the mound of soil should be carefully 
hoed away and any roots that have developed from 
THE HEAD OF THE HERD. Fig. 498. 
the scion should be cut away. If there are well- 
developed calluses at the junction of stock and 
scions, no further mounding is necessary; otherwise 
it should be done. Perhaps all three buds from each 
scion may start; it is then best to break off the two 
weakest shoots from each. Canes from two to eight 
feet in length should result before the close of the 
first season, depending on the vigor of the stock, 
condition of the scions and thoroughness of the job. 
If the stock be particularly vigorous four canes may 
be left to develop, else poorlv matured and long- 
jointed wood may result. The following Spring 
canes proportional to the growth of the previous 
year may be tied up for fruiting. The after care is 
the same as for the ungrafted vines, except 'that no 
shoots should be allowed to develop from below the 
point of grafting. 
The best Delaware in point of productiveness and 
vigor that I have ever seen was cleft-grafted upon an 
old Brant stock. Grape grafting can be just as suc¬ 
cessfully done as that done with the apple. 
_F. E. GLADWIN. 
HARD LIFE FOR CONNECTICUT HUNTERS. 
Having just read “A Sample of Jersey Justice” 
and “What They Do in Alabama,” under “How the 
Game Laws Work,” page 1134, I am moved to write 
you of how we have solved the problem in this town. 
Three years ago the farmers got together and formed 
a club, the membership of which was limited to the 
actual residents of the town, and to those who owned 
property (real) but did not reside therein. Every 
member is pledged to exclude from the privilege of 
hunting on property owned or leased by him every 
other person who is not a member of this club. At 
the present time about every land owner in this town 
is a member of the club, and the result is that the 
hordes of hunters who formerly came in from near-by 
cities and towns are excluded. Thd result of this is 
that game has increased and the number of hunters, 
law abiding and otherwise, has decreased, much to 
the satisfaction of the property owners. This move 
caused a lot of criticism among some of the sports 
of an adjoining city, who had evidently thought they 
were entitled to do as they pleased when out in the 
country, some of whom had little regard for a man’s 
property. But as the law in this State as regards 
hunting on the land of another makes it a crime to 
hunt without permission of the owner, with a maxi¬ 
mum fine of $50, or imprisonment for 30 days, every 
man being an officer authorized to arrest without 
warrant on his own land, our organization has been 
respected and the problem has been solved. Here 
are sections of our law: 
Chap. 199 Act 1903.—Every person who shall throw 
down or leave open any bars or gate or fence upon the 
land of another, or who shall enter upon the land of 
another without the permission of the owner . . . for 
the purpose of hunting, trapping, fishing ... or gather¬ 
ing nuts, fruits or berries, shall be fined not more than 
$50, or imprisoned not more than 30 days, or both. 
Sec. 3. The owner ... of the land arresting any 
person pursuant to the provisions of this Act shall be 
entitled to the same fees that are allowed by Sec. 4850 of 
Gen. Stat. to constables for similar services. 
It is not necessary to post land. r. f. k. 
Litchfield Co,, Conn. 
A POTATO CROP.—The picture at Fig 500 
shows part of a potato crop grown by M. Gish- 
baugher of Beaver Co., Pa. There were about 700 
bushels, and as shown by comparison with the boy, 
ran to large size. They are not sorted, but run just 
as they come from the field. Plenty of farmers grow 
good crops of potatoes, but we print this picture 
more for the sake of the boy—the best crop of all. 
His job was to kill off the potato beetles and the 
result in the pile shows that he did his duty. Such 
a combination of boy and potatoes on your barn 
floor must be very satisfactory. 
DOG AND LAMB TOGETHER.—Notice the hu¬ 
mane instinct of the boy who trained and is now 
working the interesting team shown at Fig. 499. 
You will see he has made sure that his dog is not 
going to have his neck made sore while he is tugging 
away. He has a combination collar and pad which 
fits snugly. The whole harness shows clever work 
in its get-up; it fits both the lamb and the dog, and 
both are well reined. Here is a 13-year-old boy 
giving out a good lesson.. Gray-haired farmers may 
afford to take it to themselves and profit thereby. 
This picture is furnished by Mr. Wilbur G. Weeks, a 
banker of Walworth Co., Wis., who thinks such 
traits evinced by our future soil tillers is worth 
setting forth in type. He says the team was broken 
by patience, careful feeding and coaxing. 
When this boy was offered a considerable sum to 
show it at a county fair, he passed up the proposi¬ 
tion. He said that for the lamb to do such work 
under excitement in his warm coat would unduly tax 
him, and as for the dog, he is a good-natured animal 
under almost any circumstances, but to go and make 
a show of him and probably frighten him out of his 
good temper or even his good dog health, was not 
to be considered for a moment. Louis Held owns 
and trained the team; he is now using them to haul 
potatoes, two bushels at a load, from the field to 
the basement, and there is nobody in Walworth 
County who is not willing to admit that it is a 
whole team this time, the dog being in harness instead 
of loafing under the wagon. j. l. graff. 
