1012. 
DRAINAGE OF SWAMP. 
The problem of A. P. Williams on 
page 1042 interests me. The proposi¬ 
tion is, as I understand it, to drain a 
farm situated some distance below a 
large swamp. Surface water accumu¬ 
lates in this swamp and percolates down 
the slope through a gravelly soil which 
is underlaid by a stratum of hard clay. 
The most natural thing to suggest first 
is to drain the swamp. Possibly, the 
swamp is situated on a neighboring 
farm. Perhaps, several farms are kept 
wet by this same basin of water. Would 
it not be possible to interest all who 
might be benefited, and dig a good ditch 
which would care for this trouble at 
its source? Thus a comparatively small 
expenditure on the part of each might 
provide a drainage system far more 
beneficial than could be accomplished 
by the efforts of any one man. 
It may be, however, that the owners 
of the lands above the farm in question 
do not wish the water removed from 
the swamp. Should such be the case 
it is probable that A. P. W. can protect 
himself by laying an intercepting drain 
across the upper side of his farm as is 
shown in the cut. Such a drain should, 
PLAN OF DRAINAGE. Fig.510. 
if practicable, be laid a little way into 
the hard sub-stratum. This would cut 
off the seepage as it works its way down 
the slope. The size of tile depends 
entirely on the amount of water to be 
handled. If this porous top soil is so 
deep that it becomes impracticable to 
dig a ditch down into the hard sub¬ 
stratum, several of these intercepting 
drains may be installed down the slope 
at intervals of about 100 feet, depend¬ 
ing on the amount of slope and charac¬ 
ter of the soil. In this case I would 
suggest three inch tile if the lines are 
not too long and sufficient grade is 
obtainable. It is often the best plan 
to run lines of tile across the slope 
rather than parallel to it so as to cut 
off the water as’ it approaches, while, 
if the lines of tile be laid directly down 
tl\e slope much of the water would 
tend to work down between the lines 
and reducing the efficiency of the sys¬ 
tem. 
Tile should not be over one foot in 
length as the water enters only through 
the joints, thus the more joints the more 
efficient the drain. Use only hard 
burned vitrified (glazing not necessary) 
tile. Soft tile are more liable to injury 
from freezing as they absorb considera¬ 
ble water which, if it freezes, will crack 
the tile. A few broken tile in a line 
will soon clog it up. The vitrified tile 
costs very little or not more than the 
soft ones. In selecting tile be sure that 
they contain no lime pebbles. They are 
detrimental to the tile, as they slake and 
almost always cause the tile to break. 
Lime pebbles are readily detected, as 
they appear as white spots in the tile. 
New York. b. b. robb. 
THE STORAGE OF CROPS. 
Part II. 
Profits in Storage.— There is no 
doubt in the minds of most practical 
gardeners as to the profitableness of 
storing crops. Nearly all crops, after 
being held until all outside crops are 
gone, can be made to show a profit 
when rightly handled. Much of the 
profitableness of the operation will de¬ 
pend upon the condition of the market, 
quality of produce stored, the condi¬ 
tion of same when stored and methods 
of storage. Good judgment must be 
used in planning the crop so that the 
market will not be glutted with one kind 
of produce, although many crops are 
always profitable when rightly handled. 
It may not be possible for the grower 
to determine just which crops are to be 
in greatest demand during a certain sea¬ 
son, but by keeping his eyes and ears 
open he can tell to some extent the 
amounts of the various crops which are 
being planted. Many gardeners pay no 
particular attention to the plantings of 
THE RURAL. 
the various crops intended for storage, 
but plant a certain acreage of one cer¬ 
tain crop, like cabbage, year after year. 
This plan certainly has its advantages. 
The grower comes to know the ins and 
outs of storing the particular crop which 
he handles. He has facilities for handl¬ 
ing this certain crop which he can im¬ 
prove from year to year. He also se¬ 
cures customers who depend on him 
year after year, and in this way he is 
able to establish a permanent outlet for 
his produce. 
Selection of Crops.—As to which 
crops are most profitable when stored 
remains a matter to be determined by 
the market, personal choice and the 
kind of soil one has at his disposal. 
Some gardeners would say that celery 
was the most profitable crop, while 
others would name cabbage, and thus 
each gardener might select a different 
crop that for him would prove more 
profitable than any other crop. The 
profitableness of any stored crop will 
depend upon the way the crop is handled 
and stored, and upon the ability of the 
grower to market the crop to advantage. 
One man of my acquaintance stores 
cabbage so successfully that he does 
not attempt to sell a head until after 
the growers are about sold out, and 
then he brings his crop, in, always a 
superior article, and sells his crop at a 
very nice profit before competition with 
Southern growers’ stock becomes keen. 
Cabbage requires a cool, fairly dry 
atmosphere while celery does very nicely 
in a much moister place. Squash pre¬ 
fer a fairly warm dry place, while 
onions do well in a very cool dry atmos¬ 
phere. Thus it will be seen that each 
different vegetable may require a slightly 
different combination of these factors 
from another, although this does not 
necessarily mean that no two vegetables 
do well under the same conditions, as 
there are some which undoubtedly do. 
Fruits or roots bruised in handling 
are more susceptible to disease or de¬ 
cay than thoroughly sound ones. There¬ 
fore careful handling should be prac¬ 
ticed, all unnecessary roughness in 
handling avoided. Most vegetables to 
be stored should be mature, and should 
be left standing as long as it is safe 
to do so. The reasons for this are that 
a crop stored too early may be lost, due 
to heating. Green or unripe fruit can¬ 
not be expected to keep well as a rule. 
However, there are special cases where 
an advantage is gained by storing the 
crop while yet in an unripe state. As 
an example of this, tomatoes are placed 
in storage while green and ripen up 
during the period of storage. Also 
much of the celery stored or pitted is 
most thoroughly matured when placed 
in the pit but bleaches while there and 
comes out ready for the market. 
Michigan. j. vernon siieap. 
Complication of the Lime Question. 
This lime proposition may seem sim¬ 
ple at first thought. We know that lime 
cures a sour soil and permits Alfalfa 
or clover or Timothy to grow where 
they would, not grow before liming 
When we get these crops started we 
may do about anything we like with the 
soil. When we come to the direct ef¬ 
fect of lime upon separate crops we 
strike complications. For example lime 
benefits rhubarb, but is a detriment to 
cranberries, yet both are very sour 
crops. We have found that lime is 
injurious to strawberries, yet it helps 
bush fruits. Rye and corn do not res¬ 
pond particularly to lime—in fact they 
will do quite well on an acid soil, and 
that is why rye has proved so satisfac¬ 
tory as a cover crop in many localities 
where lime is not much used. On the 
other hand, sorghum responds to lime 
and will fail on a sour soil. Common field 
beans will not grow well on an acid 
soil, while Lima beans will flourish on 
it. Wheat and barley respond to lime, 
while oats do not particularly care for 
it. We have seeded Timothy and Red- 
top together on acid soil, and by the 
end of the second year the Timothy had 
practically disappeared while, with lime 
used freely, the reverse was true—the 
Red-top being absent. The crop which 
responds most quickly to lime is table 
beets. This is so marked that the beet 
is planted to test the soil. When it 
does not grow freely and the tops turn 
red we may be sure that lime is needed. 
Lime increases the size of potatoes, but 
also causes such a growth of the scab 
germ that it should not be used on the 
potato crop. These different effects of 
lime ought to be considered in using it 
on the different crops. The safest plan 
is to use it in starting clover or Alfalfa 
or in seeding to Timothy. If not to be 
used then we should certainly select a 
crop which responds to it and not one 
unsuited. 
NEW-YORKER 
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T HE word "test” is used more times at the 
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