THOMPSON: ANATOMY 6 F MOSQUITO. 
159 
by Nuttall and Shipley, but are not named. The elevators of the 
palate are the “musculi antliae pharyngis” (Meinert, ’81), the 
“pharyngeal muscles” (Annett and Dutton, : 01; Dimmock, ’81, in 
part), and the “protrusor muscles of the labrum ” (Giles). The last 
identification is based on the figures. The accompanying descrip¬ 
tion is obscure. 
The pharynx serves as origin for two pairs of muscles. Near its 
anterior end the maxillary muscles arise and near the posterior end 
the hypopharyngeal muscles. These latter operate the salivary 
pump. With the female of Culex they have an extensive origin 
from the walls of the pharynx between the ventrally projecting crest 
already described and the neighborhood of the third pair of eleva¬ 
tors of the palate (pi. 12, fig. 1, hyp m). They arise in part also 
from the lateral borders of the crest, but not from its median sur¬ 
face. In the male the smaller muscles have a limited origin in the 
level of the third pair of elevators of the palate. No muscle with 
the position assigned by Giles to his “muscle opening the salivary 
valve” could be found in either Culex or Anopheles and the 
account of the salivary gland given by him is misleading in other 
respects. The hypopharyngeal muscles correspond to Giles’ “ mus¬ 
cles closing the salivary valve,” to Meinert’s “retractores recep- 
taculi,” and to Annett and Dutton’s “muscle to the salivary 
receptacle.” Nuttall and Shipley describe these muscles but do not 
name them. 
The structure of the pharynx described for Culex is closely paral¬ 
leled by that found in the malarial mosquito. There is the same 
succession of anterior hard, soft, and posterior hard palates and 
valve, but for Anopheles maculipennis as described by Nuttall and 
Shipley, the structures on the intima in the region of the tip of the 
anterior hard palate are more complicated than they are in Culex. 
Annett and Dutton describe for A. costalis a complex arrangement 
of hair-like processes on the ventral plate of the pharynx below the 
pharyngeo-esophageal valve. Nuttall and Shipley record that they 
failed to find such structures in the species of Anopheles that they 
studied, A. maculipennis , and I do not find them in A. punctipennis. 
The bracing of the pharynx to the walls of the head anteriorly and 
the formation of heavily chitinized areas and terminal spurs posteri¬ 
orly are similar in both genera and in Anopheles also the ventral 
crest is developed as a partial origin for the hypopharyngeal mus- 
