72 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-EXPERIMENT STATION 
Clay .—A clay soil is dense and compact, forming very hard lumps or clods. 
It is composed of very fine particles, which stick together to make a very 
plastic or putty-like mass when wet. The soil can be pinched out to form 
a long, flexible “ribbon.’’ 
Adobe .—The term “adobe” indicates a structural condition. Any soil that 
will shrink on drying and break into blocks with wide cracks is called 
an adobe. Most adobes are clay adobes but there are clay loam adobes, 
and even sandy loam adobes have been found. 
All of the above classes of soil, if mixed with a considerable amount of 
gravel, or of stone, may be classed as gravelly sandy loam, gravelly clays, etc., 
or as stony sandy loams, etc. Sandy clay, or sandy clay loams may also occur. 
Alkali is a term applied to the accumulation of soluble salts in the soil 
in injurious amounts. “White” alkali is made up mainly of sodium chloride 
or common salt and sodium sulphate or glauber’s salt. “Black alkali” occurs 
when there is present a quantity of sodium carbonate or washing soda (sal 
soda). Alkali accumulates wherever there is poor drainage, and where there 
is more water leaving the soil by evaporation than goes down through it 
during rains. 
Alkali can sometimes be made harmless by the application of chemicals, 
but the most satisfactory method is to remove it by draining and washing the 
salts out. 
VIII. COMMON VARIETIES OF FRUITS 
By PROFESSOR R. H. TAYLOR 
Almonds 
Nonpareil 
I. X. L. 
Ne Plus Ultra 
Drake 
Walnuts 
Franquette 
Eureka 
Placentia 
Pecans 
Stuart 
Schley 
Success 
Moneymaker 
Chestnuts 
Paragons 
Boone 
Rochester 
Filberts 
Du Chilly 
Barcelona 
D’Alger 
Aveline, Red 
Apples 
Yellow Newton 
Delicious 
Baldwin 
Ben Davis 
Rome Beauty 
Winesap 
Gravenstein * 
Yellow Bellflower 
White Pearmain 
Red Astrachan 
Peaches 
Elberta, free, Shipping 
Crawford, free, Shipping 
Muir, free, Drying 
Lovell, free, Drying 
