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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-EXPERIMENT STATION 
lower limit, wherever the soil is suitable but not where it is too 
moist or dry; these roots will fill the space wherever the suitable 
soil conditions exist.) 
Does the condition of the soil we plant our cuttings in make 
any difference how deep we are to plant them? (Yes, plant 
shallow in wet soil, about medium depth for good soil, deep for 
dry soil. It is best to pick out the best soil on your farm and 
plant your cuttings there.) 
How are the cuttings placed in the soil? (Vertically, easily 
staked, cultivated, and handled during the dry season.) Dem¬ 
onstration of making of cuttings by some outside man if pos¬ 
sible. 
What is the best time to make cuttings? (In December, 
as they must be kept in good condition until March.) 
How do we keep them? (Best kept in a bed of sharp sand; 
if kept in a cellar use moss and charcoal. The sand bed is 
kept under cover in order to control moisture conditions. It is 
best to have the very purest of sand, as it contains less moisture; 
we should not have more than 2 to 3 per cent of water in the 
sand.) 
Do we always use the cuttings for the new plants? (No; 
they are often used for grafts, but we will not consider that 
now.) 
When do we take the cuttings out of the sand? (In the 
early spring and at just what time will be determined by the 
soil they are to be planted in. In dry, sandy soil, with no 
chance of rain, plant from February 15 to March. In heavy 
soil, March or April, as a rule, according to condition of soil 
and location. Remove the cuttings from the soil about two 
weeks before planting, soak in coal oil not less than two days 
nor more than three days, then place the cuttings in a pile of 
sand in an upright position; the sand must contain 8-12 per 
cent moisture. This is called stratification. Through the heat 
maximum, air, and water a callus is formed, the buds swell 
and dormant roots start.) 
Where does your father place his cuttings after stratifica¬ 
tion? (Some will say directly in the vineyards; others in a 
nursery.) 
Why does he plant them directly in the vineyard ? (Cheaper 
and permanent to some extent.) 
What are the disadvantages of planting directly in the 
vineyard? (Many of the cuttings die, so must plant next year. 
