8 2 
5PHE5 RURAb NEW-YORKER 
January 11, 
WESTERN N. Y. HORTICULTURISTS. 
Part III. 
As explained by Mr. Paul Work of Cor¬ 
nell, the American Vegetable Growers’ As¬ 
sociation (which he represents as secre¬ 
tary), has been trying to find sources of 
good strains of certain seeds for its mem¬ 
bers. and with some measure of success in 
certain lines. There is now available some 
good cauliflower seed grown on Long Island, 
also some fine strains of onion seed, of 
course, in limited amounts only. Efforts 
in the same direction, as to other seeds, 
will be continued. Prof. Work lias also 
tackled the packing problem. His exhibits 
of various vegetables packed for market 
in various packages have been seen at the 
last meeting of the vegetable growers in 
Rochester and at the State Fair, and at¬ 
tracted much attention. In marketing, the 
goods and the container must tell the story, 
and should tell it well. A good package 
should be strong, present an attractive ap¬ 
pearance, .be clean and new, display the 
goods to good advantage, be easily handled 
(light), and cheap. For first-grade lettuce 
he recommends a box holding two dozen 
heads; for second-grade lettuce, the bushel 
hamper. Only one grade should be put in 
one package, and defective specimens kept 
out. Pack well, without slack, and let the 
package present a nice smooth surface. 
Dr. Reddick speaks of lime and sulphur 
as a promising preventive of onion smut. 
These substances have been applied to the 
land in varying amounts, 100, 200 and 400 
pounds of sulphur, and half as much lime 
in every instance, per acre. In trials 
made, the yield on the check plats was 
200 bushels per acre; where 100 pounds of 
sulphur was applied, 351 bushels; where 
100 pounds sulphur and 50 of lime, 379 
bushels; where 200 and 100 pounds re¬ 
spectively, 423 bushels: where 400 and 200 
pounds respectively, 605 bushels. This 
means that for every pound of sulphur and 
one-half pound of lime applied, there was 
an increase of the crop of one bushel; in 
other words, a saving of one bushel that 
would otherwise have been spoiled by smut. 
The formalin treatment has also given good 
results. The details of this investigation 
will be available to farmers in a bulletin 
issued by the Cornell College of Agricul¬ 
ture. 
Of particular interest in Dr. Van Slyke’s 
paper was his statement of the comparative 
value of lead arsenate paste and dry pow¬ 
der. The paste contains about 50 per cent 
water and 15 per cent arsenic (arsenious 
oxide), the dry powder about 30 per cent 
of the latter, showing that one pound of 
arsenate powder will give just about the 
same poisonous strength and effect as two 
pounds of the paste. Dr. Reddick, later on, 
brought out the fact that in the one test 
made of arsenate of lead powder, applied 
dry, in comparison with paste applica¬ 
tions, the powder has come out ahead in 
controlling the codling worm, and more¬ 
over was applied in only half a day to a 
20-acre orchard. 
The question often comes up whether it 
be safe to plant a new pear tree in the 
place where a blighted tree has been taken 
out, or a peach tree into the spot just va¬ 
cated by a tree that had died with the yel¬ 
lows. The discussions on this topic showed 
that none of our experts and scientists are 
afraid thus to replace the trees. For the 
bud-moth, Prof. Parrott advises to follow 
the usual and regular spraying program. 
If that is done thoroughly year after year, 
there will be no bud-moth. The black 
canker on the peach and the brown fruit- 
rot are caused by the same fungus, says 
Prof. Whetzel. Prevention of the rot, and 
of course, cutting out the diseased portions 
of the tree are best means of control. For 
cherry leaf-spot, sometimes called shot- 
hole fungus, Prof. Scott advises spraying 
with lime-sulphur solution (commercial, 1 
% gallons to 50 gallons), as soon as the 
petals fall, repeating a month before fruit 
ripens, and again soon after fruit picking. 
For the first application 1% pounds of lead 
arsenate may be added to 50 gallons to 
combat curculio and slugs. 
Whether it is better to pick apples in 
bags or in baskets remains still an open 
question, or rather one which each orchard- 
ist must decide for himself. Mr. Van Al- 
styne believes that a day hand is more lia¬ 
ble to pick apples and handle them care¬ 
fully than a man who jxicks by the job 
or basket. Mr. Eighmy prefers baskets, 
alleging that apples are less liable to be 
bruised. For the Codling moth. Dr. Felt 
reiterates what he has occasionally and em¬ 
phatically stated before, namely, that the 
first spraying, made as quickly as possible 
after the blossoms fall, if thorough, will 
give from 90 to 95 per cent clean fruit, 
even without a second spraying, and that 
the latter is therefore not required. 
In introducing Mr. Geo. T. Powell, who 
was to tell of the obstacles met in pear 
culture, Mr. Barry complained of the lag¬ 
ging interest of our orchardists in the pear, 
which is a fruit deserving more attention 
on their part. The pears, especially the 
fine Anjous which Mr. Barry had on ex¬ 
hibition and handed around, are in them¬ 
selves a practical demonstration of what 
can be done with pears in this State. The 
mistakes made by growers, as pointed out 
by Mr. Powell, are planting on unsuitable 
soil, lack of drainage, neglect to feed the 
trees properly, setting trees propagated 
from weakened stock, failure to control 
blight, scale, slug, psylla, and lack of 
thorough cultivation. Soil should be heavy, 
containing a good proportion of clay, well- 
drained, either naturally or artificially, and 
well supplied with plant foods. If stable 
n)anure is used, it should always be com¬ 
posted before! application, or put on in the 
Fall. The roots of the pear like to feed 
in a soil of good texture, even temperature 
and moisture conditions, and will extend 
15 to 20 feet out. Lime applications, one 
ton fresh burnt or two air-slaked, may be 
very beneficial in some cases. 
Mr. Milford L. Hakes later on spoke par¬ 
ticularly of the Bartlett pear as the most 
profitable of all, next to the Kieffer in 
yield, but giving double the money returns. 
This last season it took three or four bar¬ 
rels of Kieffer to bring the amount of 
money realized for one of Bartlett, and 
he advises never to plant a Kieffer where 
the Bartlett finds a congenial home. The 
Bartlett ripens just at the time when the 
days are long, help plentiful, teams not 
busy, and roads good. Mr. Hakes believes 
in giving the trees plenty of room as the 
roots run out 15 to 20 feet, and the limbs 
need free air circulation and sunlight. 
Bartletts standing near Duchess and Seckel 
have given better yields than those near 
Anjou and Kieffer (and probably much bet¬ 
ter than trees standing alone). 
For apple scab which has not troubled 
New York orchards very much since 1910, 
but which is liable to come upon us soon 
again as an epidemic, Dr. Reddick suggests 
the following treatment: Spray with lime- 
sulphur, 1 to 40, with two pounds lead 
arsenate added, just before the blossoms 
open, a second time soon after blooming, 
then again about three weeks later, or at 
the best time to reach the insects that are 
at work in the trees, and finally toward 
end of July, the last to be made in order 
to ward off the late scab attacks. Mr. 
Smith of Orleans County tells that there is 
often not time enough to go over a large 
orchard with a single power sprayer just 
when it should be done, or when weather 
conditions allow, and we really ought to 
have two or three such sprayers where we 
now try to do the work with one in a large 
orchard. And right he is. t. gkeinek. 
The Year in Southern New York, 
The year that is about to close has been 
a good one for farmers. We are more 
than ever impressed with the idea that to 
predict the results of a season's activities 
on the farm even for a short time ahead 
is an impossibility. There have been 
several times this season when the pros¬ 
pect for a god crop of one kind or another 
in our section seemed very remote. For all 
that there have been few that have failed 
even in part, and none entire. It is true 
that the oat crop was a poor one with us, 
and the weather for getting it was such 
that most of it spoiled or injured in the 
getting. Corn for silage and fodder proved 
to be very fair, although the promise for 
most of the season was small. Potatoes 
are bringing a better price now, and they 
are in demand, whereas a short time ago 
there was no market except for shipment, 
and that was at a low figure. Milk is 
the chief staple for our farmers and it is 
at its highest now. which is two dollars 
for a little and $1.85 to $1.95 for the 
most. The latter price is the more com¬ 
mon. Hay is being called for in a few 
cases now, but the price does not seem 
to be high. There is quite a bit of hay 
that might be bought. I do not know 
whether farmers will care to sell for less 
than $12 or noti Grain feeds are some¬ 
what easier, especially for corn. I have 
not been able to buy for less than $28 
so far, but think the price will go lower 
than that by several dollars. Wheat bran 
is being held at $25 or more, although 
when I was in the Northern part of the 
State about two weeks ago it could be 
bought for $3 less. I do not see why we 
have to pay more for feeds than they pay, 
while they get more for milk than we can 
get, although we are only half as far from 
the city as they are. I guess they are 
better Ifnsiness men. At any rate they 
are more in the cooperative line than we 
have ever been. Cooperation of the right 
stamp is what we most need, I think. 
Meanwhile we are having our troubles find¬ 
ing hired help that is worth having at a 
price that will allow it to pay for keep¬ 
ing. Most people are hiring at $30 and 
furnishing house, etc., and are looking 
after it now for next Spring. A really 
good man might get $40, but he would 
need to prove himself. n. H. l. 
Chenango Co., N. Y. 
CONNECTICUT BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
One of the most practical addresses at 
the recent annual meeting was the one by 
C. C. Hulsart of New Jersey on "Up-to- 
Date Market Gardening.” lie said that 
market gardening was a work of steady 
development. If we could only look ahead 
as we can look back we might increase 
our profits. The market gardener needs to 
be the broadest kind of a specialist. Few 
of those engaged in general farming were 
fit to engage in market gardening. First 
of all the market gardener must be a good 
soil feeder and not a soil robber. Success 
depends on building up the soil so as to 
get a surplus of fertility. One of the most 
valuable soil qualities was a large amount 
of. humus. This was of value to make the 
soil warm, as well as to control the mois¬ 
ture, and to give a continuous supply of 
nitrogen. The humus could be built up 
most cheaply by the use of cover crops, 
and also by the liberal use of stable ma¬ 
nure, which should always be used broad¬ 
cast. Next to this it was important to 
store the soil with phosphoric acid and 
potash. These elements of fertility would 
not wash out, being firmly held by the 
soil. These ingredients were best supplied 
as acid phosphate and muriate of potash, 
used in the proportion of three to one. 
Soluble nitrogen compounds like nitrate of 
soda or sulphate of ammonia were most 
useful in hastening growth, after the crops 
were up, but they should always be used 
with caution to prevent waste. The sup¬ 
ply of available water in the soil was more 
important than the supply of plant food. 
Every effort should be made to conserve 
the moisture by tillage and by keeping 
a large amount of humus in the soil. One 
valuable illustration was given to show 
that moisture must sometimes be lost to 
attain other more important ends. For 
example, the speaker said he once saved 
a crop of carrots by rolling the land 
heavily, soon after seeding, and thus caused 
germination in a very dry time, by bring¬ 
ing the moisture to the surface; while 
other farmers got a very poor crop, through 
poor and irregular germination. One of 
the most serious drawbacks to the market 
gardener had been the use of commercial 
seeds. Seeds should be obtained direct 
from a regular seed grower or else be 
grown on the farm. If seeds were selected 
with great care each farmer could de¬ 
velop a distinct type. Mr. Hulsart pointed 
out the need of good business qualities in 
packing and marketing products to com¬ 
mand the best prices. Earliness and uni¬ 
formity of product are very essential to 
the greatest profit. The farmers of the 
East were favored by a large amount of 
sunshine to give good flavor and he knew 
of no other way that flavor could be got¬ 
ten. Fertilizers would affect quality 
slightly, but only to a limited degree. 
Phosphate fertilizers, liberally used, did 
favor earliness, while potash sometimes 
favored sweetness, by increasing the sugar 
content. c. s. i-iielfs. 
Our Mr. A. E. Maloney personally attends 
the cutting of scions and the budding. 
We have won the confidence of our customers 
by shipping them Quality stock accurately 
and promptly. 
Our trees are grown at an elevation of 1,500 
feet, are hardy, healthy, vigorous and 
well rooted. 
Not only are we equipped with modern 
and up-to-date facilities for the prompt delivery 
of orders, due to our 29 years’ experience, but also in a posi¬ 
tion to advise you as to the most desirable varieties to plant, the 
care of your trees and most important of all, to supply you with 
guaranteed True-to-Name trees. 
We guarantee that with our superior packing methods, our trees 
will reach our patrons in as good condition as the day they left the 
nursery. 
Our FREE illustrated catalogue tells you how you can save 50-75% 
on your purchase, and why we can sell quality trees and plants for 
less than one-half of what the agents ask. 
It illustrates and describes all leading varieties of fruit and orna¬ 
mental trees, vines, plants and shrubs, giving prices of same. 
Write today for a copy and learn how much you can save by order¬ 
ing direct from us, the growers. 
MALONEY BROS. & WELLS CO. 
114 Main Street 300 Acres Dansville, N. Y. 
Dansville’s Pioneer Wholesale Nurseries ^ y ear > 0 t ft. 
ARFF’S catalog iPi 
Fully describes the products of our ^ 
, 1100 aero nursery, fruit and seed 
farm. Over 25 years exporionco in 
__ * growing heaviest bearing strains of 
^strawberries. raspborrics,currants,gooso- 
| berries, blackberries, dewberries, grapes 
and all kinds of fruit trees and shrubs. 
■ Also seed potatoes, rhubarb, horseradish, 
I asparagus, etc. Send names and addreonos o f 5 fruit 
[’growers and got fine currant bush free. Catalog free. 
1 YV. N«SCARFF, New Carlisle, Ohio 
Kelly’sT&EES 
DIRECT TO YOUR ORCHARD 
F T , HAT*8 the best way to buy trees. , 
1 Our prices are lowest pogsioU, 
considering tho quality of the trees 
you buy from us. YVe have no agents. 
Our Catalog is our only representa¬ 
tive. It desciibos oil the leading vari¬ 
eties of Apple,Peach,Tear,Plum,Cherry 
.md Quince and gives prices. You f i 
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you wero giving tis your order personally. It will receive 
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KELLY BROS. NURSERIES, 27 Main St., Dansville, N. Y. 
You'll Never Regret Planting Kelly Trees 
OUR IDEAL SPRING GARDEN BOOK, 1913 
" NEW and ORIGINAL in make-up 
and matter and one j)kt. each 
Five Seed Novelties 
New Japan Radish. “NERIMA,” melts in the mouth 
New Runner Bean, “Masterpiece,” wonderfully productive 
New Lettuce, “Count Zeppelin,” withstands heat and drought 
New Snapdragon, “Appleblossom," a white and pink butterfly 
GIANT Oriental Poppies in rare shades, rose, lilac, mauve 
10 cents brings them—RESULTS zvill please 
H. H. BERGER & CO., 70 Warron Street, NEW YORK 
BARGAINS IN NURSERY STOCK 
We Pay the Freioht and Guarantee Satisfaction, Vari¬ 
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Lot No, 1—100 Elberta Peach, 2 to 3 ft., $5.00 
For other bargains, write at once for 
our new list of full assortment of high- 
grade Nursery Stock, direct to planters. 
J. RAGDY & SONS COMPANY 
Dept. I> NEW Il.tVEN, MO. 
STR A YVRFRPIlTSkf Make Money growing strawberries at home I 
** • during spare time. Pleasant and profit-' 
.able. Plenty of berries for your own use. Every home should have a berry bed. 
0 ALLEN’S STRAWBERRY BOOK gives full directions as to varieties.cultural methods,! 
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Allen's truc-to-namc berry plants, small fruits, asparagus, privet, shrubs, etc., are vigor¬ 
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W. F. ALLEN, 73 Market Street, Salisbury, Md. 
YOU MUST SOW GOOD SEEDS 
No matter how rich your soil, or how hard you 
work, you cannot get the best results unless the 
seeds you use are well bred. 
HARRIS’ 
FARM and VEGETABLE SEEDS 
raised at Moreton Farm are bred as carefully as pure bred 
live stock and therefore produce crops of uniform type and 
high quality. 
IVe are Seed Growers and Sell Direct to the Planters 
at Wholesale 
Thai makes our prices low considering the high quality of the 
seeds. Ask for our catalog, and if you grow for 
market, our market gardeners price list also. 
JOSEPH HARRIS CO. 
Box 66 Coldwater, N. Y. 
HARRIS 
SEEDS 
Made by American Stool & Wire Company 
