1 » 13 . 
SFHKC KURAL, NEW-YORKER 
2c6 
FARM ENGINEERING NOTES. 
Plan for Hydraulic Ram. 
Will you advise me what I can do with 
a spring situated 15 feet below my house, 
which I wish to ram into the house? I 
can place a ram 125 yards from the spring 
and eight or 10 feet below it. This ram 
would be 85 yards from the house and 
23 or 25 feet below it. I could furnish 
water for 1%-inch pipe or 2-inch. I wish 
to use %-inch discharge pipe. Can 1 pump 
a half-inch stream successfully with this 
amount of water, fall and rise? Someone 
has told me 1 could have too much fall 
from spring to ram. Is this true? What 
kind of a ram is best and what size feed 
pipe? I could place ram nearer spring 
which would reduce fall both from spring 
to ram and from ram to house. Would this 
he advisable? j. h. p. 
Vermont. 
Place the ram as you suggest eight or 10 
feet helow spring and 125 yards from it. 
It would be advisable to use a No. 4 ram. 
The No. 4 ram will deliver one or two gal¬ 
lons per minute through a %-ineh delivery 
pipe using a 1 %-ineh supply pipe. It 
weighs about 40 pounds, and costs about 
$8. It is not likely that you would ever 
have too much fall from spring to ram, 
although the distance from spring to ram 
might be so great with a small fall as to 
give trouble on account of friction in the 
pipes. R. p. c. 
Another Hydraulic Ram Problem. 
1. I would like to get water to my 
home; I have a never-failing spring about 
500 feet below; around about this spring 
it is very marshy, also quite level. Do you 
think I could ram the water from this 
spring into my house? I also thought on 
the way up I could tap the pipe, and 
have water right at the barn, too. The 
other way I thought of doing was to put 
a wind-pump over a well adjoining the 
house, and then let the water flow by grav¬ 
ity down to the barn. The water is very 
hard and rusts and eats the pipe. 
2. A piece I want to ditch is where 
this spring mentioned above is. This 
spring is in a nine-acre field at one corner, 
and about 1 % acre is wet. It is almost 
level, hut I think there is a very slight 
fall. This piece of land is very sandy and 
mucky. It was all tiled once, hut the tile 
all shut up; I dug some of it up, and it 
seems to me the tile was too small. What 
would be the best way to ditch tills field, 
so that I could cultivate it? D. e. c. 
Maryland. 
1. If the level of spring is 500 feet be¬ 
low house level, you will have to set the 
ram GO or 70 feet lower than the spring 
and 300 or 400 feet away from it in order 
to get the fall. You neglect to say about 
how far it is from house to spring, so no 
exact size of pipe, cost, etc., can be given, 
nor can it he certain whether or not the 
distance is too great for the ram to work 
properly. From the information you give, 
it would be quite an expensive job to install 
a ram in this way, and unless it is well 
put In, it will be a failure. All things 
considered, from your letter it looks best 
to use a wind-pump on the well near the 
house. It will be cheaper and probably 
give greater satisfaction. 
2. In order to drain the field properly, 
you must be able to run the water away 
to some stream or low land, as the prob¬ 
abilities are that your land is full of 
springs. Tiling is the best practice and 
allows you the use of the whole field. With¬ 
out knowing the slope, amount of water to 
be drained, etc., a certain answer cannot 
l>e given. However, make the ditches deep, 
run a main ditch down the slope of the 
field and have four side feeders across the 
slope feeding into the main ditch. The 
size of tile you can judge of. It depends 
on the water to be taken off. Use at least 
four-inch tiling for the side feeders and an 
eight-inch main tiling, if the land is quite 
wet. r. p. c. 
Advice About Siphons. 
It seems the siphon is used quite exten¬ 
sively for conveying water around country 
places. The main trouble is to get the 
air out of the highest point in the system, 
where it collects. A device that will re¬ 
move the air Is shown in the accompanying 
drawing. A is the siphon pipe; B is the 
main container ; a range boiler or something 
similar; C is the water pipe; D is an air 
pipe that extends nearly to the top of B; 
E is a funnel for filling; F. G. and H are 
valves. To operate, close G and II, open 
F, fill the tank nearly to the top of air 
pipe D, close F (which must be airtight), 
open G and FT. After all the air in sys¬ 
tem has collected in tank B, again close 
G and H, and open F and fill as at first. 
Then close F very tight and open G and 
II and leave open. This will keep the sys¬ 
tem working for a long time. The tank 
should be looked at occasionally to see that 
water does not get out of it. l. p. c. 
Boat for Steam Shovel. 
Can you give me the size of a boat 
I would have to build to go on 3% to 
four feet of water to hold up a 35-ton 
steam shovel outfit? w. J. w. b. 
Pennsylvania. 
Any object which floats in water must 
displace a weight of water equal in weight 
to the object. That is, if a block of wood 
one foot square floats in water so th.yt 
half of the block is submerged, the amount 
of water displaced equals in volume the 
submerged part of the block, or one-half 
a cubic foot. Water weighs 62 % pounds 
per cubic foot, so half a cubic foot weighs 
31(4 nounds. This is the weight of water 
displaced by the block, so it must equal 
the weight of the block. You must use 
the same method in figuring the size of 
your boat. Suppose the steam outfit with 
accessories, tools, men, etc., to weigh 40 
tons, the boat must hold itself up and also 
the weight. Usually a raft is used for 
this work. The volume of the submerged 
part of the raft must he equal to the 
volume of water which weighs 40 tons plus 
the weight of the raft itself. The sub¬ 
merged part cannot be more than three feet 
deep, so as to allow clearance in the shal¬ 
low water. To hold up 40 tons, it will 
take 40x2000 divided by 62%, or 1280 
cubic feet of water to be displaced. Sup¬ 
pose the raft to do that weighs 10 tons or 
20.000 pounds. That means a displace¬ 
ment of 320 cubic feet more of water, or 
1600 cubic feet in all. If the raft is sub¬ 
merged three feet, then it must be 1600 
divided by three, or 533 feet in area. This 
may be taken as 550 feet. It may be 10 
feet by 55 feet or 20 by 27% feet, or any 
other numbers which multiplied together 
will give 550 or more. The raft must, of 
course, be water-tight and should be four 
feet thick so as to ride one foot above the 
water. The thing to remember is that the 
weight of the whole boat and outfit must be 
equal to the weight of the water displaced 
by the boat. Remembering this, you can 
draw up a design to suit yourself. 
R. P. C. 
Selling Water Rights. 
I have been called upon two or three 
times the past Summer regarding a propo¬ 
sition which is new to me. My land bor¬ 
ders on a river for about 2500 feet. The 
land along there is a rocky bluff. The 
river is a rapid stream that carries consid¬ 
erable water all the season both Summer 
and Winter. Three times last Summer I 
was called on with a proposition to pur¬ 
chase a right to put in dams along the 
river for water power. I think the buy¬ 
ing of the water power is by speculators 
and as it is a new proposition I have but 
little idea what price to put on it. They 
are offering to buy rights all along the 
river. Could you give me advice on such a 
proposition? a. j. l. 
West Virginia. 
It is hard to advise on this matter with¬ 
out more definite knowledge of the situa¬ 
tion. If the stream is dammed so that it 
becomes dry or nearly so at times, you 
may be damaged. Then again, the amount 
you ask should bear a proportion to what 
the rights are worth to them, rather than 
what they are worth to you now. On the 
whole it is best not to sign away full 
rights to anyone for a long term of years, 
for when they have absolute contro' for 50 
years, for example, they can do anything 
they please. .lust in the nature of a guess 
and without much information as a guide, 
perhaps .$50 or $100 psr year would be 
something like the amount vou should 
charge. That is, it should be a yearly 
amount or their rights should be forfeited, 
and it should be enough so that it wouldn’t 
pay them to hold up the situation lnde- 
finiitely. Then again, it must not he so 
large as to prevent them making a profit, 
and it mustn't be so small but what you 
will take a lively interest in getting' it. 
You can trust pretty much to your good 
common sense after talking with them and 
getting them to make you an offer. Watch 
carefully the wording of the contract as it 
means, in law, anything that it says, no 
matter if you do protest that you thought 
it meant something different. r. p. c. 
“Old Tenor, New Tenor and Middle Tenor.” 
In searching the old land records, of the 
various to>«ns in this State and also the 
eastern towns in Connecticut, the term, 
“Old Tenor’’ is often used in expressing thc- 
“eonsidoration” in the transfers. What is 
meant by the terms “Old Tenor, New Tenor 
and Middle Tenor?” What value do the 
terms bear to the present currency values? 
I quote from an old deed, “In consideration 
of the sum of two hundred pounds current 
money of the Old Tenor, to me in hand be¬ 
fore the ensealing * * * so t my hand 
and seal this seventeenth day of April, in 
the thirty-third year of his Majesty's reign, 
George the Second, King, etc., Anno Domini 
1760." T would like an explanation. 
Greene, R. I. a. k. g. 
The word “Tenor” as used in the deeds 
described by you simply means currency. 
It is another word for currency so that 
in the old deeds you quote, it would read 
“Two hundred pounds current money of 
the old currency, to me in hand.” It has 
no meaning as a piece of money or as a 
vniue such as “dollar" or “pound” but 
merely relates to the currency. r. p. c. 
If you fee! uncertain as to the exact 
definition of the word fungi, all uncertainty 
is removed by the Government in an amend¬ 
ment to the insecticide act of 1910, which 
states that the term “fungi,” as used in the 
act and these regulations, is understood to 
mean all nonchlorophyll-bearing plants of a 
lower order than mosses and liverworts (i. e. 
nonchloroph.vll-bearing thallophytes), com¬ 
prising rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, 
yeasts, bacteria, etc.” 
Oregon- sheep yield an annual revenue of 
$5,000,000,’ according to the secretary of 
the Oregon Woolgro\vers' Association. There 
are 2,475.000 sheep in the State and thev 
give an annual clip of 16,000,000 pounds 
of wool, worth $2,400,000. 
nUlllllimillllllj 
Triple Panel Auto Seat Buggy 
ou save at least 5 25 
Up to the minute in style and finish. Material: and con 
struction that make it easy tor us to guarantee absolute sat¬ 
isfaction during the entire life of the buggy. Metal 
1 Auto Seat, genuine leather upholstering, 
\ highest type body construction. Triple^^^^je^ c \ j 
braced shafts, best wheels made, full 
wrought fifth wheel, real longdistance * 
self oiling axle, new style auto skeleton V*** 5 '■ Vv 
; ’ n top. Warehouses in thirteen big cities\ WaW* 1 
iele TkXthroughoat the country carry a supply of VoW qO -V’^V 
Sea rs, Roebuck §nd Cos 
Special Vehicle Book is 
full of Bargains Like Thisl 
Over 49,000 of our Wonderful Metal Seat Buggies 
now in use. This is our new 1913 model. Everybody can see 
the value; purchasers figure their savings from $25.00 to$35.00. 
No one can ask for greater beauty or comfort. No one 
builds better quality. No matter what kind of a vehicle 
you want, a buggy, surrey, spring wagon, runabout, or 
farm wagon, you will find it in the Sears-Roebuck 
Special Vehicle Book, in a style that will please 
you, at a price that will save you many dollars. 
Why not investigate? Let us send you this 
book. It is free. You will find in this 
catalog the most complete line of vehicles 
ever assembled. You will find in our 
Scars, 
Roebuck 
and Co., 
Chicago, Ill, 
Gentlemen -.—Please 
send your Special 19t_ 
Vchicle Catalog No. (>6R2S 
to the undersigned, postpaid^ 
Name- 
book a 
Top Buggy for $30.95, Runabout for $24.90, 
Canopy Top* Surrey for $52.80, Farm Wagon for 
$49.60, and Over a Hundred Other Bargains. 
You should have our wonderful comparison 
card which we send with this 1913 Catalog. 
No matter where you purchase you will find 
this card will save you $25.00. 
\ 
R. F. D. No. 
P.O.Bo 
Mail the Coupon Now or send us a postal. 
You will find many illustrations of the .different 
styles in colors. Every vehicle is described in detail, 
‘ nothing is left to your imagination. You are as safe in 
ordering from the Sears-Koebuck Book as if the vehicle 
stood before you. Mail us the coupon or just a postal. 
Simply say, "Send Vehicle Book, No. 66R25 
-State- 
Sears, Roebuck and Co., Chicago, Ill. 
Street 
.and No. 
