iJ©4 
SFHS RURAIi NEW-YORKER 
March l. 
COLLAR BLIGHT OF APPLE TREES. 
Oi' the several diseases or injuries con¬ 
fused with collar blight, the two most com¬ 
mon are root rot and Winter injury. A 
tree affected by one of the troubles, collar 
blight, Winter injury or root rot is usually 
first observed as “looking sickly,” and often 
bears a heavy crop of fruit. These trees 
may live a considerable time, and will bear 
considerable fruit of low grade, or they 
may die in one or two seasons. Sometimes 
they may recover naturally, but in most 
cases they will eventually die. 
Winter injury, due to frost and sun dur¬ 
ing the Winter season, may be distinguished 
in that the bark, although fresh, is split 
and loosened from the tree. The root rot 
disease frequently follows Winter injury or 
collar blight, or it starts on injured roots 
below the ground. A tree affected with 
root rot moves easily, as the root system 
in part is dead, and does not hold the tree 
COLLAR BLIGHTED TREE. 
firmly in the soil. A white moldy fungus 
jnay be found around the base of such a 
tree and down on its roots. Collar blight 
may be detected in its early stages only 
by a close inspection of each tree. Af¬ 
fected trees usually show a discolored area 
of bark just above the ground, and this 
bark is frequently sunken. An incision with 
a sharp knife reveals that it is dead and 
black. Removing the bark from the wood, 
reveals a reddish discoloration where the 
wood and bark come together, especially 
near the edge of the diseased portions. In 
the early stages there is frequently no in¬ 
dication of disease on the outside bark of 
the tree. At a later stage in the progress 
of this disease, the dead bark often becomes 
broken up and the wood rot fungi with 
their white threads of mycelium then eas¬ 
ily gain access to the sap wood of the 
tree. This disease is ominous, since young 
BLIGHTED TREE PAINTED. 
trees are not usually attacked, and it is 
only after one has been caring for the tree 
some eight to 20 years, it appears and 
completely destroys a valuable bearing tree. 
The first orchard to which I will refer 
consists of about 18 acres of Grimes Golden. 
These trees were about 14 years old, and 
the number of diseased ones were about 
eight per cent, and a majority of the af¬ 
fected ones stand very slight chance of 
recovery; another orchard of 105 trees, 
three-fourths of which were Ben Davis, the 
balance York. The trees were about 10 
years old. Eighteen trees were diseased, 
and 13 trees had been replaced with fillers. 
A third orchard of Grimes principally, num¬ 
bering 285 trees, the larger section of the 
orchard is about 20 years old, and the 
remainder 12 years. Forty-five trees were 
found diseased with collar blight, and 59 
trees had recently been set out, and 38 
trees had been set in to replace dead ones 
a few years ago. 
In the case of foliage and truit diseases 
the loss is serious only for that year, al¬ 
though the vitality of the tree may be re¬ 
duced, yet with collar blight, the profit from 
that tree is ended and expense must be in¬ 
curred to replace the tree. The disease is 
not conspicuous, and it is not usually noted 
until the foliage indicates the tree is near¬ 
ly dead. We have secured no data indicat¬ 
ing the relation, should any exist, between 
sunscald or Winter injury and collar blight. 
We have not found that the disease was 
usually located on one side, for instance, 
the south or west side of the trees. There 
is but one remedy for this disease that we 
can recommend, the cutting-out method; 
that is. removing the diseased portion of 
the bark or wood. The process is «simple, 
and the time and money required to treat 
a good bearing tree is insignificant com- 
p d with the value of the tree. The im¬ 
plements required are a good sharp knife, 
a hatchet, chisel gouge, a mattock, a sponge, 
paint brush and paint and a bottle of corro¬ 
sive sublimate solution. This solution 
should be mixed one part to 1000 parts 
of water. The diseased portions should be 
removed, and care should be taken to get 
well back into the healthy green bark. The 
dirt should be removed from the roots, so 
that access may be had to them. The tools 
used in cutting should be .disinfected with 
the corrosive sublimate lest the infection 
should be carried to healthy portions of 
the tree. The wound should then be washed 
with the solution and the wound should be 
exposed for several days, after which it 
would be well to go over the edges of the 
wound again with a sharp knife in order 
to be certain that the disease has been 
entirely removed during the first cutting 
out process, and has not started its work 
under the bark in the vicinity of the dis¬ 
eased area. Then if no evidence of the dis¬ 
ease is to be found, the wound should be 
painted over. It is a good plan to keep 
such wounds well painted, particularly if 
they are near the surface of the soil, as 
other fungi are apt to attack the tree. 
Valuable trees which are almost com¬ 
pletely girdled, may be saved by bridge 
grafting, using a scion of non-resisting va¬ 
riety. It is also good policy to prune back 
rather severely when trying to save a tree 
in this way, and it should be permitted to 
carry but little, if any, fruit for one or 
two seasons. As is the case with other 
diseases, there is a great difference in the 
susceptibility of varieties. The Grimes 
Golden is one of the worst sufferers. Ben 
Davis were also found to be diseased in 
many cases. York Imperial, Northern Spy, 
and Greening are quite resistant. The 
Black Twig shows a high degree of resist¬ 
ance, but a few affected trees of this 
variety have been observed. 
Mr. Waite, head of the office of fruit dis¬ 
ease investigations of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, recommends 
double working the nursery stock when sus¬ 
ceptible varieties are to be set. lie prac¬ 
tices this system in his own orchard, and 
used only Northern Spy on which to work 
Grimes. It is advisable that the union be¬ 
tween the seedling stock and the wood 
which is to be double worked should be well 
below soil level in order to avoid the chance 
of collar blight on the seedling. 
N. J. GIDDINGS. 
Plant Pathologist. West Virginia Station. 
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