-4LJI3 
THE RURAT> NEW-WPIKER 
March 22, 
TWO WALNUT INSECTS. 1 
The Persian or English walnut, Jug- 
lans regia, has been grown for a num¬ 
ber of years more or less successfully 
in Connecticut by a number of individ¬ 
uals. One of the prominent growers is 
Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York 
City, who owns a farm at Stamford, 
Conn., where 4he nut trees are planted. 
Some hardy varieties have been devel¬ 
oped in recent years which withstand 
the climate of the State, which is really 
about as far north as these nut trees will 
thrive. The greatest difficulty has been 
two insect pests which attack the trees, 
the Walnut weevil, Conotrachelus jug- 
landis Lee., and a bud-moth belonging 
to the genus Acrobasis. These insects 
were studied during the Summer of 
1912 by this department, and their life 
histories ascertained. Most of the field 
work was done by the writer's assistant, 
Mr. PI. B. Kirk, on the farms of Dr. 
Morris at Stamford, and Mr. H. L. 
Champlain at Lyme. 
The Walnut weevil was formerly sup¬ 
posed to breed only in the nuts of Jug- 
lans, attacking particularly the Persian 
walnut and butternut, though the litera¬ 
ture of this insect is rather scanty. In 
Connecticut, however, the larvae infest 
the nuts, but do far greater damage by 
tunneling in the new shoots, causing 
them to wither and die so that nuts are 
not produced. The hibernating adults 
come forth the latter part of May and 
feed upon the stems and leaf veins, lay¬ 
ing their eggs in the stems in irregular 
crescent-shaped punctures and under 
flaps like those of the plum curculio. 
The period of egg-laying extends until 
August 1, some eggs being laid in the 
nuts after they have formed. Eggs re¬ 
quire from six to 12 days for hatching, 
depending upon the weather. The larv«e 
tunnel inside the new growth of the 
stems, usually though not always, work¬ 
ing upward. The frass is thrown out 
through the egg punctures. Eggs laid 
later than about July 20 hatch, though 
the larvae do not reach maturity, but die 
in the stems. From four to six weeks 
are required for larvae development, then 
the larvae go into the ground, perhaps 
an inch below the surface, and after ten 
days change to pupae. From 16 to 26 
days after this change takes place the 
adults emerge, and, going into the trees, 
they eat holes at the base of the leaf 
petioles. Early in September the beetles 
retire to their Winter quarters; just 
where, we have not yet learned. 
The weevil seems to be especially 
fond of the Japanese and Chinese spe¬ 
cies of Juglans, and though it attacks 
the Persian walnut and our butternut, 
the black walnut is perhaps the most 
nearly exempt from injury of all the 
species. There is only one brood each 
year, and this insect occurs throughout 
the Eastern States and in Canada, but 
does not seem to have been so destruc¬ 
tive elsewhere as in Connecticut. 
The bud-moth lays its eggs singly 
around the terminal bud or sometimes 
on the leaves. From six to 10 days are 
required for hatching. The larvae feed 
upon buds, stems and leaves, and also 
tunnel in the new shoots like the larvae 
of the weevil. The frass is always ex¬ 
pelled at the terminal end of the shoot, 
where it is held by the webs, and never 
from lateral outlets as with the weevil. 
There are three generations each year. 
Fortunately a thorough spraying with 
lead arsenate (three pounds in 50 gal¬ 
lons of water), especially directed to¬ 
ward the new growth, promises well as 
a remedy against both these insects. 
Further experience must be gleaned to 
settle the matter, but tentatively we rec¬ 
ommend the first treatment about the 
first of June and the second about July 
10. Further details are given in the 
report of the Connecticut Agricultural 
Experiment Station for 1912, pp. 240-258. 
W. E. BRITTON. 
^ Conn. Experiment Station. 
PLANTING ONE-YEAR TREES. 
During the past few years there have- 
been many new arguments presented for 
planting yearling trees—rather than older 
ones. There are many who still prefer 
two-year-old trees or 1 even larger ones. The 
following notes from nurserymen show what 
the public think of it. 
By far the great majority order either 
the largest or five to seven-foot tree or four 
to five-foot two-year tree. Some call for 
yearlings but not large. We discourage 
yearlings for small planters. They are 
all right for the large planters who know, 
how to care for them, but they will not 
stand the drought or neglect the older trees 
will. Then too there is a difference in the 
Maryland and the New York State one- 
year trees. The general run of York State 
apples one year old are pretty small. Where 
well taken care of they are satisfactory 
as a 400-tree orchard of my own proves. 
F. E. RUPERT. 
Many people in the Southwest who here¬ 
tofore preferred one-year trees, are now 
giving the preference to the two-year. This 
however is due largely to the fact that 
they wanted a strong one-year-old tree, and 
to get this tree, the grower was inclined 
to force the growth too much the first 
season, and the stock did not properly ripen 
up, and the trees were not as satisfactory, 
as the lighter growth the first season, well 
ripened. Another reason is that the high 
prices of the two-year trees as compared 
with the one-year, and the high freight 
rates, gave them a preference for one-year 
stock, as to price. Our preference would 
be for well ripened two-year trees rather 
than for the growth to be forced on the 
one-year tree, as it would have to be to 
get a good marketable tree. 
NEW HAVEN NURSERIES. 
Teople are not generally educated to one- 
year stock. Our trade demands a good- 
sized tree two or three years old. Of 
course we are selling a great many more 
one-year trees now than formerly. Where, 
they receive proper attention they give 
satisfactory results. The general opinion 
is that they require slightly better care 
to get them established than the medium 
sized trees of two or three year's growth. 
LAKESHORE NURSERIES. 
We have been having for the past few 
years a much larger call for one-year trees, 
especially for one-year apple trees, but we 
are still' selling a great many more two- 
year apples than one-year, and do not think 
the call for one-year trees this Spring is 
as large in proportion as it has been for 
several seasons back. 
STORES & HARRISON CO. 
I think the demand for one-year trees 
is showing a strong increase each year, 
though by no means do all planters think- 
alike" in regard to this point. I think that 
still the majority call for older trees. 
W. L. MCKAY. 
One-year-old trees are about holding their 
own. We do not know of much, if any in¬ 
crease. Big No. 1 trees seems to be in very 
little demand, but medium grade seems to 
be the grade that most people are inquiring 
for. Most of them want two-year-old 
apple. We have but very few asking for 
very large trees. We find, however, that 
the large commercial men or orchardists 
either plant No. 1 two-year-old or No. 1 
one-year-old. What we mean by No. 1 
grade is a tree 5-7 feet high and for the 
twO-vear-old 4-5 feet high. 
SPRING HILL NURSERIES. 
There has been a constantly increasing 
call for one-year apples, but the fact that 
apples of any age have been inadequate 
for the unprecedented demand may account 
for it to some degree. Our experience 
would hardly be a fair indication, as we 
have discouraged the planting of one-year 
olds. We doubt if it is practical to market 
at that age. They are hardly a mature 
product. There is much more chance for 
mistake in mixture as at one year the dis¬ 
tinctive points are not as evident as in older 
trees. geo. a. sweet co. 
There has been an increased demand for 
one-year-old fruit trees, caused no doubt 
by the matter being talked up at local and 
State horticultural societies. I think that 
much that lias been said upon this subject 
lias been misleading and the advantages 
of planting one-year-old trees has been 
greatly overestimated. The only advan¬ 
tage that I see in planting a one-year-old 
tree is that they can be headed at any 
height desired, while the two-year-old tree 
has to be left about as headed by the nur¬ 
seryman, and in the case of the cherry tree, 
perhaps the one-year tree transplants a lit¬ 
tle more readily than the two or three-year- 
old. There is no question but what by 
planting a two-year-old apple or pear, the 
planter, under ordinary conditions, will be 
ahead with his orchard and there is no 
objection to using them provided they are 
headed at the proper height by the nursery, 
men, which is usually the case. 
w. B. COLE. 
We are having considerable call for the 
one-year-old apple trees at the present time, 
but we still sell many more of the two- 
year-old trees than the one-year. I think 
there is a mistake being made by tbe 
farmers’ institute speakers and also by 
the agricultural press recommending the 
planting of one-year-old apple trees en¬ 
tirely. To plant the one-year-old trees may 
be very desirable for a good orchardist, 
a man who understands his business, but I 
think for the smaller growers and for the 
man wlip is just starting, the two-vear-old 
tree is the best and safest proposition for 
him to use. There are other conditions 
also, that I could mention where the. 
two-year-old tree is much better for the 
planter than the one-year-old, although it 
must be said there are many advantages 
in using the one-year-old tree, but I think 
the recommendations for using the one- 
year-old trees should be qualified. 
T. B. WEST. 
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