660 
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April 12, 
EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATION. 
Education is the knowledge of where 
to find things rather than the knowledge 
of actual facts. However, farmers 
must have facts stored away in their 
heads so far as possible. Probably no 
other profession is composed of so 
many professions as that of farming. 
A successful farmer must know enough 
of civil engineering to arrange his build¬ 
ings so as to take advantage of natural 
drainage, he must know how to drain 
his land artificially, he must be able to 
meet his individual needs and resources 
in regard to water supply. He must be 
enough of a mechanical engineer to 
operate farm machinery and make re¬ 
pairs. He must be an expert carpenter, 
mason, veterinary, and butcher. Enough 
of bacteriology must be understood to 
supply the requirements of his soil, 
enough of botany to know how plants 
grow and what they need. Besides, he 
must be strong enough to pitch hay and 
gentle enough to handle those soft- 
boiled eggs without shells called baby 
chicks—although his wife can do it bet¬ 
ter—and patient enough to train a colt. 
Above all he must have the power to 
use all of his faculties constantly and 
be always “on the job.” Also, he must 
be just plain farmer with the ability 
to guide a plow. No one man can know 
it all, and that is what your State col¬ 
lege is for. Much more good could be 
got out of experimental stations if we 
asked more questions. 
Be sure, however, that the source of 
your information is reliable. When I 
was new to the poultry business I had 
a three-months-old pullet with a trouble 
that puzzled me. Instead of writing to 
the college 1 asked advice of a poultry 
food firm which advertised instant help 
on poultry diseases. I gave the age 
of the pullet and the symptoms. Two 
weeks after the chicken died I received 
an envelope containing reams of adver¬ 
tising matter and a letter on a many- 
colored letterhead telling me that my 
pullet was an old hen suffering from a 
second attack of roup. The next time 
I ran up against a case which was too 
much for me I wrote to the State Col¬ 
lege of Agriculture and received an 
answer by return mail, giving me just 
the points I wanted to know. 
It is not surprising that farmers, used 
as they are to be reliant only upon 
themselves, hesitate in the matter of 
cooperation. It is altogether a different 
proposition to the city man, who is re¬ 
liant upon the whole network of city 
organization for his comforts and his 
very existence. He buys his groceries 
at one of a chain of organized stores, 
he rides to his office in an electric car 
run by an organized street railway com¬ 
pany, he gets his lunch at a restaurant 
operated by an organized company. He 
is himself a member of several organi¬ 
zations, for every man familiar with the 
gigantic strength of organized power 
knows the helplessness of the individual. 
If farmers were not so independent and 
resourceful they would not be farmers. 
It is this very strength of individuality 
that holds them in the country. But 
the time has come when we must or¬ 
ganize or lose that very individuality, 
and our farms as well. This is no idle 
fancy or red-lettered scarehead. Look 
about you wherever you are. How 
many farms are owned by commission 
men ? How much good farm land is 
owned by railroads? The only way of 
overcoming trusts is by organized 
strength. What power on earth could 
be stronger than the American farmers 
if they were organized? They did it 
once, in 1776. The result of that or¬ 
ganization is still with us, but the great 
good of it will be lost if we cannot 
again see the necessity of combining. 
Like the farmers of that time we are 
obliged to pay unjust tax to food trusts. 
It is hard to frame up an organization 
among men so widely separated. That 
will come when we agree that it is 
necessary. And the commission man’s 
bill will give us a good chance to test 
combined effort. This legislation is im¬ 
portant to every farmer in the country 
who raises and sells food. It offered 
one of those great chances to show that 
country people really mean business. 
Maryland. haynsworth baldrey. 
A STUDY OF BREEDING. 
Referring to your article on tlie distinc¬ 
tion between inbreeding and line-breeding 
on page 450, will you make your statement 
more clear to me by stating now, if at all, 
the breeding from the following fowls can 
be conducted by line-breeding only for a 
series of years: The fowls are a cockerel 
and five pullets. The cockerel and three 
pullets are from four hens which were re¬ 
lated to each other, but which were not re¬ 
lated to the cock with which they were 
mated. The other two pullets arc not re¬ 
lated to the cockerel or to the three pul¬ 
lets. You will note that the cockerel and 
three pullets are related in that they had 
the same father, but each a different mo¬ 
ther. The mothers were related, but were 
not full sisters, since each of them came 
from a different hen, which, however, was 
related to all the grandmothers of the 
present three pullets. If the cockerel is 
mated with the three pullets is it in 
breeding or line-breeding? How would you 
work out that problem, say for five years, 
and how many separate coops and runs 
would you find necessary to do it, 
New Jersey. k. d. 
The object of in or line-breeding is 
to perpetuate the good qualities of an 
animal or strain by keeping the blood of 
that animal or strain as nearly unmixed 
with outside blood as possible through 
successive generations. It is based 
upon the law that like begets like. The 
danger in this form of breeding lies 
in the fact that not only are the desir- 
C.ADAPTED FROM EELC/i) 
MALE FEMALE 
A B 
* 
LINE-BREEDING CHART. 
able qualities 'of the strain perpetuated, 
but also its deficiencies, and to inbreed 
successfully, one must have the skill to 
recognize defects in the progeny and 
the hardihood to weed them out, even 
at the expense of making such sacrifices 
as may delay progress toward the goal 
sought. As to the distinction between 
line and inbreeding, it may be said 
that these terms are not well differen¬ 
tiated in use, being understood differ¬ 
ently by different people; even authori¬ 
ties often do not make clear-cut dis¬ 
tinctions, some using the terms inter¬ 
changeably. With this understanding of 
line or inbreeding as processes of per¬ 
petuating good qualities rather than 
creating them, I doubt your finding it 
desirable to thus narrow your breeding 
operations with your present flock. You 
will probably get better results by breed¬ 
ing the cockerel to all the pullets and 
improving your flock by “selection”; 
that is, by trap-nesting your flock to 
find the best layers and mating these 
with sons of best layers, while, at the 
same time, you select equally carefully 
for size, vigor and fertility. If you neg¬ 
lect this latter precaution your opera¬ 
tions will be likely to go to pieces on 
the rock which has wrecked many an in- 
bred flock, lack of vigor and fertility. 
With a flock of any size, you may in¬ 
breed indefinitely providing that you do 
not forget that no matter how good 
a layer an individual may be, or may 
be descended from, if it lacks in vigor 
and the power to perpetuate itself, it Is 
useless. By thus selecting and in- 
breeding you may build up a strain of 
your own of superior excellence, and if, 
at any time, you find yourself in pos¬ 
session of a male or female of such 
quality that you desire to perpetuate its 
blood and intensify it in its descend- 
ents, you may proceed along the lines 
shown in the accompanying chart, adapt¬ 
ed from Felch. 
Mating your best male A with your 
best female B, you get the progeny C 
having the blood of A and B equally 
divided in their veins. Now, to ob¬ 
tain a greater preponderance of the 
blood of A in future generations, you 
mate the best of his daughters and 
granddaughters back to him and thus 
continue according to the chart until the 
sixth generation G contains 27/32 of the 
blood of A. The same process may be 
carried down the female side, producing 
a preponderance of the blood of B in 
the descendants. Crossing the descend¬ 
ants of these two lines at any genera¬ 
tion, of course, re-divides the blood of 
A and B equally again, and a third line 
of descent may be begun at any time 
from such a cross. m. b. d. 
Why 
money 
Save Their Cost 
Every Year of Use 
If you are thinking about buy¬ 
ing a cream separator, and have 
only a small amount of ready cash 
to invest, don’t be tempted to put 
your money into one of the so- 
called “cheap” machines. 
your hard-earned 
a “cheap,” trashy 
machine, when 
you can buy a 
reliable De Laval 
upon such liberal 
terms that 
It will mare than 
save its cost while 
you are paying for it. 
When you buy 
a De Laval you 
have positive assurance that your 
machine will be good’for at least 
twenty years of service, during 
which time it will save every pos¬ 
sible dollar for you and earn its 
original cost over and over again. 
If you purchase the so-called 
“cheap” separator, you must pay 
cash in advance and then take the 
chance of the machine becoming 
worthless after a year or two of 
use. to say nothing of the cream it 
will waste while it does last. 
More De Laval machines are in 
use than any other make. There 
is a reason. Be sure to see the 
local De Laval agent and SEE 
and TRY a De Laval before you 
buy any cream separator. 
The new 72-page De Laval Dairy Hand 
Book, in which important dairy ques- 
tions are ably discussed by the best 
authorities, is a book that every cow 
owner should have. Mailed free upon 
request if you mention this paper. New 
1913 De Laval catalog also mailed upon 
request. Write to nearest office. 
THEDE LAVAL SEPARATOR CO. 
165 BROADWAY, 
NEW YORK. 
29 E. MADISON ST., 
CHICAGO. 
Philadelphia SJLQS 
have a 10 year reputation lor strengt h and efficiency. 
Positively the only Silos made that have an Opening 
Root—Only Continuous Open Front. Our30ft. Silo 
equals other 36 tt. Silos capacity. Over 5,000 ill use. 
Opening roof works automatically—permits Si loslie- 
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FREES 
Write us today for 
full information 
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SILOS 
w Or th< 
Ever considered the dangor of 
using a flimsy silo ladder? Or 
the annoyanca of doors that stick? 
Or the loss in feeding value of sil¬ 
age from a cheap silo? Or the risk 
from storms? Batter Investigate the 
Harder with its ladder of 
massive strength, its por- 
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lence of material and con¬ 
struction, its Anchors which 
hold the silo solid as an oak; 
the oldest, most famous, the 
kind “Uncle Sam” uses. 
Catalog free, 
HARDER MFG. CO., Box 11. Cobleskill.N. Y. 
New York Buys >v 
15 Unadilla Silos <m 
Investigate and you will reach the 
same conclusion as the New York 
Legislators who bought 15 Una- 
dlllas for state institutions. The 
silo that gives highest quality of 
silage—that is the important thing 
for you to know. Also has superior 
construction, is easiest in handling 
silage, and ahead in all points. 
Send for catalogue and 30 day 
order discount. Agents wanted. 
UNADILLA SILO CO., Box C, Unadilla, N.Y. 
Dirip Silos 
Arc Manufactured Not Assembled Silos 
Highest grade material—air 
tight doors—permanent ladder 
—genuine wood preservative— 
easy to erect—built for long, 
continued service and sold 
direct. Send for catalog, prices 
and freight to your station. 
Discount for early orders. 
Stevens Tank & Tower Co., Auburn, Me. 
nc ROSS SILO 
Gasoline 1 
E. F. SCHLICHTER CO. 
129 Fuller Bldu , Phila. Pa 
Only silo made with these com¬ 
bined features. Doors on Hinges. 
Continuous Door Frame. Refrip 
erator type of Door and Door 
Frame. Oval Door Frame to fit 
exact circumference. Not a bolt 
In entire door frame or doors. 
Extra Heavy Hoops and Lugs 
Roof Rafters and Anchors furnished 
FHKE. Backed np by 63 years of exper¬ 
ience. Write for catalog which explains 
All. AGF.NTS WANTED. 
THE E. W. ROSS CO. 
Box 13 Springfield. Ohio 
Papec Pneumatic Ensilage Cutters 
“The Wonderful Papec” 
Elevate silage to any height at 600 to 800 R.P.M. with one fifth less pow¬ 
er than any other blower cutter. This is due to the fact that the Papec 
first uses centrifugal force, then with its six fans moving the cut silage in 
a steady stream—not in bunches—the elevating is accomplished under 
high pressure through a small pipe. Iron and semi-steel construction; 
easy to operate. Built in sizes for any power from 4 H. P. up. Investi¬ 
gate the Papec now—and save time, annoyance and money at tutting 
time. Write today for our new illustrated catalog. It is FREE 
PAPEC MACHINE CO BOX 10 SHORTSVILLE, N. Y. 
20 Distributing Points in the U. S. 
An Imperishable Silo 
needs no insurance—because it is permanent. It 
cannot burn; will not blow over; lasts a lifetime. 
Built of Hollow Vitrified Clay Blocks 
The most lasting material known. Blocks are air tight and moisture 
proof. They are glazed and keep silage sweet and palatable. No hoops 
to tighten; no staves to paint. Never swells or shrinks. Attractive 
in appearance—a silo that will improve the looks of your farm. 
Any Mason Can Build an Imperishable Silo 
Once up—it will last a lifetime without needing repairs. 
We have a 50 page illustrated book on silos and 
silage. Every stock owner should have it for its 
valuable feeding information. It- 
contains articles by prominent 
writers, including Prof. Hugh « /ivfppn /CHADl 
G. Van Pelt. Sent FREE on / '‘WKISIMl 
request. Ask for catalog L- hi SILO 
NATIONAL 
FIRE PROOFING 
COMPANY 
Syracuse, N. Y, 
Mi 
