669 
THE RURAL- NEW-YORRER 
April 2fi, 
Hope Farm Notes 
Cover Crops. —People ask me to tell 
how we handle our cover crops this 
Spring. We do not pretend to be ex¬ 
perts, but this is the general plan. We 
usually sow rye as a part of every 
cover crop. Everything else may be 
killed out during a hard Winter, but 
your old friend rye will read the riot 
act to Jack Frost and come through— 
spindling it may be, but alive. This year 
everything we seeded has lived over 
except the barley. Cow-horn turnips, 
Crimson clover, vetch, all show some¬ 
thing of life this Spring—vetch least of 
all. The condition of the rye settles it 
with us about plowing under. I have 
learned that tender young rye makes 
good green manure, while the tough, 
hard plant is not satisfactory. If we 
want rye hay I let the crop stand until 
it blooms and then cut and cure as 
soon as we can. If to be plowed under 
I do not want it much over two feet 
high. Of course you lose organic mat¬ 
ter for the soil by plowing so early but, 
with us, there are advantages. The 
tender rye decays quickly and packs 
into the soil. On our dry hills the great 
problem is to hold as much moisture 
as possible in the soil. Rainfalls are 
usually followed by fierce drying winds 
which suck out the water about as fast 
as the rain brought it down. As we 
all know, too, a growing crop of grain 
pumps up water out of the soil. We 
have several naturally wet fields on the 
farm, and when they are well seeded 
to rye I notice that the crop dries out 
the soil in Spring. I might tell you 
how many tons of water the scientific 
men say an acre of rye will pump out, 
but it would be a far more practical 
argument to walk over one of my 
fields, and see the difference between 
the bare ground and where the rye is 
growing. In the average season we 
need all the moisture we can keep in 
our soil—and more. So our plan is to 
plow under the cover crop while it is 
tender and while the ground is moist. 
As soon as possible after plowing we 
spread lime on the furrows. The rule 
in this sort of farming is to use be¬ 
tween 500 and 600 pounds of slaked lime 
per acre each year. The lime spreader 
is gauged to spread by quarts, but after 
some experimenting we know how to 
regulate it by pounds. We spread the 
same way that the furrows run and 
follow at once with the spring-tooth 
harrow. This form of harrow seems 
best for the first mixing of tlie lime. 
Later the big Cutaway comes in—the 
object being to chop up and loosen the 
upper surface, and pack down the 
under side. Then by keeping the har¬ 
rows moving so that no crust can form 
on the surface we prevent heavy evap¬ 
oration and enable the water to rise 
up from below. You will understand 
that this is for orchard work, since 
nearly ail our crops are grown betwee.i 
rows of young trees. The entire scheme 
of this farm is to make orchard con¬ 
ditions in a naturally tough and stub¬ 
born soil and to grow such crops as 
we can while we are doing it. This 
combination of cover crops and lime 
with some fertilizer to help seems to 
be doing the work. 
Mulch Culture. —But what about 
trees in sod? You used to talk about 
that? The most profitable apple trees 
we have on the farm have not been 
plowed or cultivated in years. They 
stand right in grass. We haul manure, 
trash, weeds, anything that will decay 
quickly and pile it around them, and 
these trees respond. But they stand in 
natural grass land, moist and full of 
humus. The larger part of our orchard 
is on the dry hills’where the soil is not 
naturally grass land. It bakes too hard 
in drought. The cover crops and the 
lime are opening it and filling in humus, 
and in time I think most of it may 
safely go to permanent sod. I wish 
you could see the soil we are preparing 
for potatoes this year. It was in sod 
last year. After cutting the hay we in¬ 
tended to plow the sod and sow fodder 
corn, but the drought baked this soil 
like a brick. It was finally plowed in 
August. Then it was worked up fine 
with the Cutaway and spring-tooth and 
seeded to barley and rye mixed. The 
barley was cut in October—the rye lived 
over and made a quick growth this 
Spring. We began plowing April 26 
and the soil turns up rich and mellow— 
full of organic matter. If potatoes do 
not find “a happy home” in this soil it 
will be no use trying to suit then. 
Prospects and Dates. —The last Sun¬ 
day in April found Hope Farm with 
the best material outlook in all its his¬ 
tory. The peach buds seem to be all 
right. How they ever lived through 
those three terrible nights is more than 
I know—and I have no time to specu¬ 
late. I think the high winds blowing 
the trees about saved the buds. At any 
rate it looks like a good peach crop. 
The apples never were more promising. 
The crabs are a mass of blossoms and 
the early varieties are showing the pink. 
It is now up to us in the matter of 
spraying and we are ready for it. The 
peach orchards have all been plowed, 
limed and harrowed once. As for dates, 
first peas were planted April 23, first 
rhubarb eaten April 21, cows started 
at pasture April 24, first asparagus April 
19. 
Plans Upset. —All the books on farm 
management tell us to plan our farm¬ 
ing early, make a map of the farm and 
locate each crop in the best place. This 
is easy when you have a definite rota¬ 
tion, but not always so when you are 
developing an orchard or a truck or 
stock farm with other crops as inci¬ 
dentals. We planned our work in Feb¬ 
ruary and made a map showing where 
each crop was to go. We had straw¬ 
berries down for an acre of drained 
land—probably the richest, naturally, oil 
the farm. We were to get an early 
start and have this field all in Marshalls 
by the middle of April. When the time 
came no one could get near that field 
without a pair of rubber boots. We 
drained it well two years ago, yet here 
it was a pond of moist mud. I could 
not understand it until walking along 
the upper edge of the field I suddenly 
came upon a bubble and trickle of water. 
We dug down 18 inches or so, and 
on pulling out a flat stone a spring 
gushed out of the hillside. On digging 
a ditch to one side this water ran 
off in a thick stream. Tt- had been 
working down through the field—too 
much for our drains to carry away. 
I never knew of this spring before, and 
I thought we had gone over every 
square inch of the farm. I sat down on 
a rock and considered the curious way 
in which nature distributes her favors. 
When I lived on the desert I often 
suffered from thirst. What would I 
not have given for a drink of this cold 
spring water which had so thoroughly 
upset our plans? Locate this spring on 
the hillside about that Colorado town 
where we lived and give man control 
of it and how he could hold uo the peo¬ 
ple and wax fat with wealth! With us 
this water is the worst sort of a nuis¬ 
ance—yet as I know full well within 
90 days the soil both above and below 
this spring will be parched and baked, 
with the crops crying for a drink. In 
years past many a farm boy has run 
away from such a situation—a wet and 
waterlogged soil. I hope the redheads 
will stay by and learn to take care of 
this water so as to make it serve us. 
Just now we must serve it and put 
our berry crop in another place. 
Children.—The It. N.-Y. recently made 
this statement in speaking of very rich 
men. What does it mean? 
“Such men could not adopt a child and 
make it a true man or woman.” s. j. 
Just what it says. Let any wealthy 
man or woman take a poor orphan child 
and try to develop it into a good citizen. 
The child will grow up accustomed to 
luxuries. It cannot be expected to work 
or to exert itself. What would be the 
use amid such surroundings? Such a 
child unless he prove a most unusual 
character will come to have little use 
for his benefactor except to figure what 
is probably coming to him. You see, it 
would be impossible for the rich man 
to take such a child into his home and 
train him to habits of economy and in¬ 
dependent character. The possibility of 
doing that is, I think, reserved for the 
poor man or the one of moderate means. 
In such a family labor and economy are 
necessary. It is only through necessity 
that most children are trained in real 
character. h. w. c. 
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