1913 . 
THIS RURAL NEW-YORKER 
713 
PERSIAN WALNUTS IN THE U. S. 
Bulletin No. 254, issued by the Bureau 
of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, is devoted to the Persian 
walnut industry in this country. Mr. 
E. R. Lake, Assistant Pomologist of the 
Bureau, has made an exhaustive study 
of the nut, its varieties and distribution, 
and in a series of interesting plates he 
shows over 80 different forms of the 
nuts. 
The chief use of the nuts is as food, 
mainly dessert and confections. In 
Europe the oil of walnuts is much 
esteemed, both as a substitute for olive 
oil and as a drying oil for artists’ use. 
While the oil may be made from cull 
nuts, they must not be moldy or rancid, 
and the best oil is made from light- 
colored kernels. So far but little wal¬ 
nut oil has been made in this country, 
but it is possible that this outlet will be 
necessary as closer grading becomes the 
rule. Large quantities of green walnuts 
are imported into the United States from 
Holland and England for use in pickles, 
catsups, etc., a 70-gallon cask costing 
the importer $15 to $18. 
It is interesting to note that while the 
Persian walnut grows in many widely 
BUDDING BY T-SIIIELD. Fig. 245. 
a, cutting bud; 6, bud after removal. 
separated regions—France, Italy. Ger¬ 
many, Austria-Hungary, Russia, China, 
Chile and the United States—it is only 
in restricted areas of each that the 
choicer grades are produced, as in the 
Grenoble district of France, near Sor¬ 
rento, Italy, and in southern California. 
For several years past efforts have been 
made to extend the area of profitable 
walnut culture in the United States 
through the use of native stocks on 
which to graft the Persian sorts. Work 
with the American stocks, Juglans nigra 
and J. California, has given excellent 
results, while remarkable developments 
have followed top and crown grafting 
upon certain hybrids originating in Cali¬ 
fornia, notably the Paradox and the 
Royal. Paradox is the offspring of a 
cross-pollination between, Juglans regia 
(the Persian walnut) and J. California, 
while the Royal is the offspring of a 
cross between J. nigra and J. Califor¬ 
nia. 4 hese hybrids are said to be ex¬ 
tremely vigorous, but are generally in¬ 
different bearers. However, the merits 
of these hybrids as stocks do not seem 
to be fully determined. 
It is observed that the walnut will 
endure considerable rigorous Winter 
weather while dormant, but is sensitive 
to changes of temperature while young, 
or in the early stages of its growth. It 
15 averse to great humidity and suffers 
more from frost in late Spring or early 
Autumn than in Winter. Practically all 
the commercial crop of this country is 
produced in southern California, but ex¬ 
pensive plantings are being made in the 
• anta Clara, San Joaquin and Sacra- 
vu-iV 0 valle y s > and the Umpqua and 
. 'JUrnette valleys of Washington. Lim- 
Aed plantings are being made in several 
uther Pacific Coast localities and in sev- 
eral places in the Eastern States. 
I he leading market variety of walnut 
tlle Grenoble, grown in the valley of 
T ' c Isere River in southeastern France, 
file Grenoble walnut is the Mayette, 
lough this term sometimes includes the 
lanquette and the Parisicnne. The 
leading American product is the Santa 
Barbara, which originated in California 
out 40 years ago, reputed to be a seed- 
v," g ,°™ a m . u .'^Ported from Chile. 
- eai ly 150 varieties and synonyms are 
recorded in the bulletin. We note that 
the Santa Rosa, otherwise known as the 
Burbank, is described as a chance seed¬ 
ling at San P'rancisco many years ago, 
later moved to Santa Rosa, and intro¬ 
duced by Luther Burbank. 
As seedling walnuts are uneven in 
quality and subject to blight, it is agreed 
that budded or grafted trees should be 
used in commercial orchards. Trees 
true to name are almost entirely grafted, 
though budding is coming into increas¬ 
ing use. The two native Black walnuts 
and the Texan Rock walnut are the 
stocks used. Juglans nigra is advised 
for the Eastern States, J. rupestris for 
Texas and the Southwest, and J. Cali- 
fornica, northern and southern form, 
for the different sections of the Pacific 
Coast. The stocks are grown in the 
nursery with the same care as other 
nursery stock, and the work is done 
with the usual tools. 
The principles employed are those that 
apply to grafting any deciduous trees, 
but the following precautions must be 
observed: (1) Great care must be ex¬ 
ercised to have dormant wood for 
scions; (2) the grafting must be done 
just as the leaf buds of the stock are 
unfolding; (3) the cambium of stock 
and scion must be brought into exact 
contact; (4) the cleft in the stock for 
the reception of the scion shall be clean 
cut and so made as to grip the tongue 
of the scion firmly; (5) the scion shall 
be made from carefully selected wood 
with a smooth, clean-cut tongue; (6) the 
wound' shall be covered with adhesive 
wax or paste impervious to water or 
air until the union of stock and scion is 
fully effected. The graft must be fre¬ 
quently inspected, as it must be abso¬ 
lutely airtight, and thus should be re¬ 
waxed if the covering cracks or melts. 
Budding has not yet been done largely, 
but it is believed that it will gradually 
displace the more uncertain crown 
grafting. Plump one-year buds are best, 
buds of the current season’s growth 
being unsatisfactory. The buds may be 
taken from the base of the current 
year’s growth, or from scion wood cut 
during the Winter and kept fully dor¬ 
mant. Such bud wood should be placed 
in moist sand about two weeks before 
budding is to be done. The T and in¬ 
verted T methods were found unsatis¬ 
factory, and the hinge and flute bud 
were used. Special care is needed in 
wrapping and waxing. If the budding 
is done in hot weather it is desirable to 
cover the bud with a paper sack for 
protection, which can be removed about 
10 days later, and the wax also. 
Little pruning is required by the wal¬ 
nut. It is found that low close heads 
favor blight, while high open heads dis¬ 
courage it. Cultivation and irrigation 
are similar to other orchards, but there 
is now an increasing use of cover crops. 
Although tons of leaves fall on the 
ground in the Autumn few of these be? 
come incorporated with the soil, as with 
clean tillage they blow away. It has 
become evident that cover crops are 
needed to keep up fertility, hence the 
use of Winter and Hairy vetch, fenu¬ 
greek, Canada field peas, Bur clover, 
Sweet clover, and such volunteer plants 
as alfilaria (a variety of storksbill, 
Erodium cicutarium) and mustard. In 
young orchards truck crops may be 
grown during the first few years, but 
root crops are avoided, as they attract 
gophers, which eat the roots of the 
trees. Such fillers as peaches, plums, 
prunes, oranges, lemons, cherries and 
early bearing apples are used, though 
unless the orchardist bears in mind the 
first claim of his permanent crop it 
is better to avoid them. 
The bulletin discusses insects and 
diseases attacking the walnut, which 
are few, and the best methods of har¬ 
vesting, curing and storing. Regarding 
crop yields, it is said that there are 
authentic records of single trees in Eu¬ 
rope yielding as much as 2,000 pounds, 
while the largest record for an Ameri¬ 
can tree is 712 pounds. This tree is 
a California black walnut top-worked 
with the Santa Rosa Persian walnut, 
and is situated in a very rich and fa¬ 
vorable spot. When all conditions are 
favorable, an acre of seedling trees 20 
years old will produce 1,000 to 1,200 
pounds of nuts. In an average well- 
managed orchard, the trees being 10, 12 
and 16 years old, the returns 
were an average of $123.85 per acre. 
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