760 
pounds of shelled corn. Perhaps other feeders may 
not agree with me, hut I feed shelled corn to my 
little pigs. I do not grind it. since nature has en¬ 
dowed the little fellows with grinders, and why not 
keep the equipment busy? 1 supply plenty of good 
fresh water to my hogs. Be sure your hogs have 
plenty of drink. Then when I feed them, I .iust 
like to stand by the fence and watch them grow. 
“I have my own remedies, which I believe are 
effective. I sharpen their appetites with all the soft 
soap the pigs can eat. It is surprising to see how 
this will put them on their feed when they get off 
it even for a short time. As a conditioner I secure 
from my druggist some black antimony and mix it 
with the same amount of baking soda. I give about 
a teaspoonful of this to a hog weighing, say, 50 
pounds, and I administer the dose each week. I 
also aim to give a half-dozen drops of turpentine 
to each porker, each week, and I find this keeps 
him free from worms. I believe in keeping my hogs 
healthy, and I consider the use of those things effi¬ 
cacious in doing it. I am satisfied if hogs are kept 
healthy the danger from cholera is reduced to a 
minimum. A number of my hogs broke in with 
those of a neighbor. The field was strewn with 
carcasses of dead and dying from the scourge. I 
feared it would sweep away my drove, but they 
weathered it without evidencing a single sign of the 
disease. 
“I advise and practice pasturing hogs. Pasture is 
the cheapest feed. Have fields of rye and clover, 
and when one field is depleted, the other will be 
ready. Rape should be sown so that it will follow 
the first crop of clover. It takes this five or six 
weeks to become ready for pasture, and will carry 
the porkers along until the ‘hogging’ time for corn. 
I reserve about 10 acres of my cornfield for this pur¬ 
pose. I turn the hogs in, they cut the crop, husk it, 
crib it and feed it without any effort on my part I 
divide the cornfield in sections, and confine my pork¬ 
ers to one part of the field until they do their work 
pretty effectively. I run some woven wire fencing 
through the field, standing it up against the stalks, 
and in this way divide the field. After the fatting 
hogs get in their work. I turn in sows to ‘pick up 
the crumbs.’ I prefer as pasture and as a hogging 
crop combined, a seeding of rape between the corn 
rows. This can be done at the final cultivation, and 
greatly increases the feeding efficiency of the field. 
Hog raising is profitable, but he must make short 
cuts in feeding and caring for the animal. If a man 
loves a hog and will treat him right, the hog will 
pay the owner handsome profits.” waltek jack. 
Ashtabula Co., Ohio. 
GETTING RID OF CRAWFISH. 
Can some of your readers tell me how to kill craw¬ 
fish on wet land? Would bisulphide of carbon do the 
work? This crawfish land has proven to be good grass 
land. G. G. S. 
The American farmer is constantly confronted 
with new and perplexing problems. It may be a 
new insect pest, like the Alfalfa weevil or Brown- 
tail moth, introduced from foreign countries; or it 
may be a native animal that suddenly abandons its 
wild haunts and food supplies, increases tremen¬ 
dously and becomes a serious pest. The meadow 
mice that suddenly increased and invaded the fields 
of Nevada in 1908, when they destroyed thousands 
of dollars’ worth of Alfalfa, may be cited as an 
example. We are learning that as the land becomes 
more widely occupied by man the balance of nature 
is often profoundly disturbed. The wild animals and 
plants dispute with the aggressor, man, for the pos¬ 
session of the soil and they often prove most valiant 
fighters. 
In certain parts of the United States certain spe¬ 
cies of crawfish or crayfish are tenaciously holding 
possession of the land and taking advantage of man 
by devouring the crops he plants on the soil. This is 
especially true of certain clay lands of Mississippi 
and Alabama. Here the crayfish destroy large fields 
of young cotton. Moreover, smaller areas of land 
in other parts of the country are troubled by cray¬ 
fish. Very little is known regarding the life history 
of these crayfish, but Dr. Ortmann thinks that the 
eggs are laid and the young hatched in the Spring. 
The older female crayfish seem capable of laying 400 
or more eggs. The eggs apparently hatch in about 
a month, and the young crayfish become approxi¬ 
mately two inches in length by the beginning of 
Winter. Each one seems to live by itself in its own 
individual burrow. 
MEANS OF CONTROL.—Theoretically, deep tile 
draining would appear to be the most successful 
method of ridding land of these pests. As a matter 
of fact this method is very little practiced. The 
burrows of crayfish extend to a most unexpected 
depth and these animals seem capable of finding the 
water level in spite of whatever draining a man may 
rmtc RURAL NEW-YORKER 
attempt. Planters in Mississippi have made a prac¬ 
tice of catching the crayfish at night or in rainy 
weather and destroying them. On one plantation 
near Muldon, Miss., Mr. Fisher tells us, 27 barrels 
of these animals were caught one season and 13 
barrels the next. The bodies of the crayfish when 
boiled, mixed with meal and allowed to dry make a 
very valuable egg-producing food for poultry. 
In the experiment carried on by Mr. Fisher for 
the destruction of crayfish in the cotton fields of 
Mississippi, carbon bisulphide proved quite satisfac¬ 
tory. A few drops of it squirted into a burrow after 
which the entrance was quickly closed with dirt by 
pressure of the foot was sufficient to kill the occu¬ 
pant in a few hours. Long-nozzled oil cans serve 
admirably for squirting the liquid into the mouths of 
the burrows. The cost of the carbon bisulphide 
averaged about one cent for 75 holes or from 81 to 
,$1.50 an acre. Chloride of lime was also used at 
the rate of one pound to three gallons of water. An 
ounce of this solution poured into each hole killed 
the crayfish. A 10-quart sprinkling can with a small 
nozzle is convenient for this work. The chloride of 
lime is cheaper than carbon bisulphide, but when the 
labor of mixing it and hauling it to the field is 
taken into account, it has little advantage over the 
latter. glenn w. herrick. 
HAND OR POWER SPRAYERS. 
I have been very much interested in the discus¬ 
sion in The R. N.-Y. in regard to hand or power 
outfits in spraying. We have been spraying for 
many years, and find to get good results we must 
have an even, steady pressui’e, and it cannot be 
maintained with a hand machine, having used the 
largest outfits. Our orchards are from 16 to 30 
years of age, 50 trees to the acre. By putting a 
pressure gauge on our hand pumps with two leads 
of hose and double nozzles found our pressure reg¬ 
istered from 65 to 150 pounds, being very irregular. 
We aimed to apply three gallons to each tree, thor¬ 
oughly drenching it. We sprayed one acre or 50 
trees in half a day. Cost, team half day, $1.50; 
three men. $2.25; cost of spraying one acre, $3.75, 
applying three gallons to each tree. With the power 
outfit we maintained 200 pounds pressure steadily 
with two leads of hose and large double nozzles. 
We sprayed one acre of 50 trees in 55 minutes. Cost 
team, 55 minutes, 35 cents; three men. 75 cents; 
total cost spraying, one acre, $1.10. We believe 
where a fruit grower has from three to five acres 
of orchard, he is justified in purchasing a power 
outfit.. The advantages are speed, which is so neces¬ 
sary with the rush of work and scarcity of hands; 
an even pressure, which will force the liquid to 
every part of the tree, giving apples of fine color 
free from blemishes. w. porter elliott. 
Ohio. 
THE LAW OF “TRESPASS.” 
It has become necessary for us to post our ground 
for the protection of our stock and the privileges of a 
home. Will you tell us the legal form for such notice in 
this State? We wish to prevent trespassing of any 
kind. People have actually come into our young orchard 
and carved their names on young trees set out last 
year; and they have come here in such numbers on the 
first beautiful Sundays of the Spring as to compel us to 
stay indoors for such seclusion as we could get. Even 
this was not satisfactory, as we had to stand guard 
at the door of the incubator cellar, the brooding-house, 
etc. There is hunting and fishing on tne grounds (some 
200 acres) and people have come here for the last five 
years without let or hindrance. The posting must be 
thorough and legal to be of any use. We are the more 
at a loss because we are newcomers in the East, our 
home having been Michigan until last year. R. j. 
Massachusetts. 
There is no set legal form for such notices. They 
should be of sufficient definiteness to apprise persons 
that their presence on the land will be unlawful. 
The following is a good form: 
“Trespassing on this property for any purpose is 
forbidden under penalty of the law. —Owner.” 
These should be placed along the boundaries of 
the farm at the places most frequented by people 
in getting on the farm, such as cross-roads, and 
placed sufficiently close together to make it practi¬ 
cally impossible for a trespasser to get on the land 
without seeing a notice. It would be well, if pos¬ 
sible, to get all the farmers of your neighborhood to 
post their lands with the same form of notices, make 
hunters, fishermen, etc., understand the signs were 
not put up merely as decorations, then make a test 
case of the first trespasser found doing damage and 
this scourge will gradually gx*ow less. 
This is a case of trespass. Ownership of land, as 
one writer puts it “compi-eliends the soil of the earth 
and the permanent productions and erections upon 
it, as trees, houses, fences, poles, wires and other 
structures. It includes all the strata of the soil and 
the space downward to the center of the earth, as 
well as all the space and structures above the sur- 
face indefinitely outward. If one own an acre on 
JUIiO 14. 
the surface of the soil, his land is ordinarily em¬ 
braced within a cone or pyramid, having the center 
of the earth as its apex, extending upward and out 
ward indefinitely into space, with its sides passing 
through the edges of the plot marked out by the aci'e 
upon the surface of the soil. The sides of this cone 
constitute his ‘close,’ for the wrongful breaking 
through of which by another the common law gives 
to the owner, of the land an action of trespass.” It 
is the common-law theory, followed in practically 
all the States, that every man’s land is enclosed 
either by a matexdal fence or an invisible boundary, 
and that every unwarrantable entity thereon is a 
trespass for which the owner may maintain an 
action for damages if for nothing moi’e than the 
grass ti’ampled on. Every injury further than this 
is but an aggravation of damages. The entry need 
not .iecessai’ily be in person, but may be by casting 
some object upon the land or driving, or permitting, 
animals tliex-ecm. It Is not legally necessary for one 
to post his land, but the custom in this country of 
allowing fishing and hunting on one’s land has be¬ 
come so xiuiversally established that before taking 
any firmer steps to stop this nuisance it is best to 
put up the signs. In many of the States any injury to 
property, such as stealing or destroying fruit, burn¬ 
ing woods or fields, is made a ci’irne. Massachusetts 
is particularly strict in this respect, and there are 
appended below a number of these laws showing 
their general nature and extent The farmer is in 
most instances protected if he will but exercise his 
rights. In Massachusetts, and also in New Jersey 
and other States, defacing of the notice against tres¬ 
passers is punishable by fine. Also the use of force 
by one person upon another is not unlawful when 
committed by a party or by another person in his 
aid or defense, in preventing or attempting to pre¬ 
vent a trespass on real property iii his possession 
if the force used is not mox-e than sxifficient to prevent 
such offense. This is true in New York, and in New 
Jersey a trespasser, after having been forbidden to 
enter the land of another, may be summarily appre¬ 
hended by the owner or occupant of the land and 
taken before any justice of the peace of the county 
and immediately tiled, and if found guilty, fined $5 
and costs, and if the fiixe is not paid he may be 
sent to jail. 
Of course the laws in the different States vary, 
but generally, the farmer has entire jurisdiction 
over his estate, and he may take such steps as are 
necessary, after notice, to put off and keep off any 
trespassers,' especially if they are doing damage. 
As the cities increase in population this is becoming 
more of a problem. If concerted action is taken by 
farmers their rights will be gradually learned and 
respected by the city folk without the necessity of 
any great show of force which, in the majority of 
cases, would be both unnecessary and irritating, and 
the same ends may be better obtained by gentler 
methods. 
“Section 105. Whoever wilfully and maliciously en¬ 
ters an orchard, nursery, garden or cranberry meadow, 
and takes away, mutilates or destroys a tree, shrub or 
vine or steals, takes and carries away any fruit or 
flower, without the consent of the owner thereof, shall 
be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred 
dollars or by impi-isonment for not more than six 
months.” 
“Section 107. Whoever, having the charge or cus¬ 
tody of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, swine or fowl, wil¬ 
fully suffers or permits them to enter on, pass over or 
remain on any oi’chard, garden, mowing land or other 
improved or enclosed land of another, after being for¬ 
bidden in writing or by notice posted thereon by the 
owner or occupant thereof, or by the authorized agent 
of such owner or occupant, shall be punished by a fine 
of not more than ten dollars.” 
“Section 109. Whoever, without right, enters or re¬ 
mains in or upon the dwelling house, buildings or im¬ 
proved or enclosed land of another, after having been 
forbidden so to do by the person who has the lawful 
control of said premises, either directly or by notice 
posted thereon, shall be punished by a fine of not more 
than twenty dollars. A person who is found commit¬ 
ting such trespass may be arrested by a sheriff, deputy 
sheriff, constable, watchman or police officer and kept in 
custody in a convenient place, not more than 24 hours. 
Sunday excepted, until a complaint can be made against 
him for the offense, and he be taken upon a warrant 
issued upon such complaint.” 
“Section 110. Whoever without right, enters upon 
the land of another with firearms, with intent to fire or 
discharge them thereon, and, having been requested by 
the owner or occupant of such land or by his agent 
to leave such land, remains thereon, shall he punished 
by a fine of not more than two hundred dollars or bj 
imprisonment for not more than two months, or by 
both such fine and imprisonment.” 
“Section 111. Whoever wilfully tears down, removes 
or defaces any notice posted on land by the owner, 
lessee or custodian thereof, warning persons not to 
trespass thereon, shall be punished by a fine of not 
more than twenty-five dollars.” 
Tiie conservative father often thinks his son, tells a 
tale of woe. The progressive son thinks father’s story 
a tale of whoa. 
Here is an instance of how habit or fashion affects 
trade. Tin* Chinese men began cutting off their queues. 
Then they began to wear hats, and the export trade m 
hats from Japan jumped from $50,223 in 1910 to 
$801,704 in 11)12. Then fashion decided that women 
should wear switches and wigs, and this Chinese hair 
took on millions in value. 
