1913. 
793 
THE R-J.R.AI> NSW-YORKER 
TREES WITH CROWN-GALL. 
Last week we printed a picture, show¬ 
ing a case of crown-gall on the apple. 
This was taken from the report of the 
Georgia State Board of Entomology. 
This season we have had more com¬ 
plaints than ever about the distribution 
of crown-gall upon nursery trees. A 
large number of such trees have been 
sent us to show what certain nursery¬ 
men are sending out. and we are often 
asked what to do with trees afflicted in 
this way. Some of the specimens sent 
us are as badly marked as the picture 
shown last week, while on others the 
growth was just beginning. The report 
from which the picture was taken states 
that there are two forms of crown-gall, 
described as follows: 
Apple crown-gall is of two types. A 
hard callous form is common on grafted 
trees at the union of root and scion, and 
at any other point of the root system 
where wounds occur in either the culti¬ 
vation or transplanting of trees. The 
results of extensive inoculations with 
this type have failed to prove that the 
disease is of a contagious nature. 
A second type is a soft form more 
common on seedlings, resemble those of 
the raspberry and peach, in that they 
are soft and often rot off. It is not 
certain, however, that they, like the lat¬ 
ter, are replaced the following year by 
a new gall growth from the adjacent live 
tissues of the host, nor is there proof 
that they are of a contagious nature. 
There is no certain cure for the crown- 
gall. There are reports of cutting away 
the bunches or galls and painting the 
roots with Bordeaux mixture, but it is 
doubtful if such treatment- will pay. It 
may be lessened in the nursery by bud¬ 
ring trees rather than grafting them. 
The wounds made in the stock to insert 
the scions are probably the commonest 
source of infection in the nursery. 
Opinion varies as to whether an ordinary 
case of crown-gall is dangerous or other¬ 
wise. Many of the nurserymen honestly 
believe that the disease is not dangerous, 
and that a grower may safely plant the 
trees which they send out. We believe, 
however, that it is never a safe propo¬ 
sition to put such trees into the ground, 
and we would not plant them under any 
circumstances whatever, as it is much 
better to be on the safe side absolutely. 
In some cases we have known men to 
buy these crown-gall trees because they 
were able to buy them for a little less 
money than trees showing no galls. This 
seems to us the most short-sighted policy, 
and we would most emphatically advise 
our friends never to buy an inferior tree 
simply because it is cheap. There are 
frequently cases where we find the marks 
of borers or even the insect itself on the 
roots of peach trees. This is not such 
a serious matter, for the borers may be 
killed in pruning and preparing the roots, 
and in the rush of digging and sorting 
peach trees it is comparatively easy to 
miss an insect of this sort. With crown- 
gall. however, no nurseryman should take 
the chance of sending out such trees. 
In ordering trees we should make it 
clearly understood that we will not accept 
any tree thus afflicted. We should look 
them over, throw out all trees showing 
the gall, and promptly send them back 
to the nurseryman. By following this 
Han and letting the nurserymen know 
that it will be followed, most of the 
trouble with these gall trees will be 
overcome. 
LIME TOP-DRESSING. 
. 1 ha 7 e a piece of corn that I intend 
* f< £ grass au <l clover the last 
me that it is cultivated. The land is 
r. her sour. Would it do any good to 
tune after corn is cut or next Spring? 
Connecticut. w. c. N. 
^ e have little success in putting lime 
on to P of the ground after seeding. On 
■ l ine open soils the lime will work down 
ui, but in most cases you cannot expect 
host results unless you work the lime 
thoroughly into the soil. We have seat- 
' !| il lime through the cornfields just 
betore the last cultivation, but this is a 
1 '-agreeable job, as it must be done by 
baud where you cannot get away from 
the dust. 
nitrate of soda for corn. 
iii ' i hnooPh'uting a dent corn, acclimated 
mi rv e r'f , tor ov «* a quarter of a 
.Inn " J, Tf as . late as the first week in 
h,, ,.J S on . Jl .good soil somewhat 
bill ‘ ’w'lln S. fertilizer placed on the 
, , h S uld it be advisable to top-dress 
afte r h ™ th a little of soda 
er th0 corn was up to hurry it along, 
and if so, how much nitrate of soda 
would it be well to use? e. m. 
Bridgehampton, N. Y. 
We should not use nitrate of soda on 
the corn. It might “hurry it along,” 
but the effect of this soluble nitrogen 
would be to lengthen the season rather 
than to shorten it. Nitrogen stimulates 
the growth of leaf and stem. We have 
delayed the ripening of tomatoes for 10 
days or more by using nitrate of soda. 
Potash and phosphoric acid would be 
more likely to hasten the ripening. 
NOTES AND COMMENTS. 
Hammering It In. —What you say to 
J. G. R., page 710, reminds me to say 
that there are certain things that every 
editor of an agricultural paper must 
keep always hammering in. Hardly a 
day passes but I have letters asking about 
mixing wood ashes and henhouse manure, 
and to-day a man writes to know if he 
could not put oak shavings up in layers 
with lime and ashes and salt and have 
a good compost in time for late Irish 
potatoes, when in a few weeks the 
shavings would still be oak shavings and 
the lime and ashes would be apt to 
make the scab flourish, while the salt 
would be of no use. Questions about 
using sawdust and shavings for manure 
are always coming in, from men who 
want to make something out of nothing, 
and though an editor may print every 
week a warning against* mixing lime 
and wood ashes in manure they will still 
want to do it. 
The Value of Labor.— What Mr. R. 
W. Dow says, page 711, is doubtless true 
of many foolish people, but the greatest 
influence to-day in the great agricultural 
awakening in the South has been the 
popularity of going to work. The most 
Jiighly esteemed men in the Southern 
colleges to-day are the men who are 
earning their education by working on 
the college farm The boys’ corn clubs 
have also been a great influence in giving 
young men correct ideas of the value of 
labor with the hands. The South is 
coming to the front industrially because 
old ideas in regard to labor have been 
abandoned, and the man who works with 
his hands is esteemed for doing it. 
Farmers’ Institutes.— Whether farm¬ 
ers’ institutes are to be of value in the 
future depends on the methods used. The 
day has gone by for the institute joker, 
and the man who tells people how to do 
things when they know that his own 
farm needs better management. What 
neople need is to be shown practically 
by illustrations of thp use of implements 
carried around and a practical showing 
of their use. Then, as the old farmer 
you quote suggests, telling people what a 
success you have made by a certain 
method that is not suited to his soil or 
conditions does little good. Like the 
Missourians they want to be shown and 
here is where the demonstration work fol¬ 
lows and confirms the teachings of the 
institutes, and is making the institute 
work far more effective. We need both, 
one to follow up and show the farmers 
the real value of the institute teachings. 
The Pea Aphis. —When the aphides 
get numerous on the peas there is little 
hope for saving them. But if people 
would take a little pains in advance there 
would be no aphides on the peas. When 
planting the peas or the sweet peas’use 
tobacco stems or tobacco dust liberally 
in the furrows, and mulch them with 
tobacco stems after they are up, and 
>ou Will have no lice. They hatch in 
the ground protected and harbored by 
ants, but tobacco is the sovereign pre¬ 
ventive. The same is true with the 
green aphis that infests the lettuce. To¬ 
bacco dust makes an excellent fertilizer 
and a great repellant against the aphides. 
Vagaries of the Cold. —We had a 
freeze May 12, something heretofore un¬ 
heard-of down here. The odd thing was 
how some plants escaped. A row of 
cucumbers was destroyed and a row of 
Summer squashes right alongside was 
uninjured. Two rows of string beans 
were side by side. One row was entirely 
killed, the other merely thinned out 
here, and there. My grape vines on open 
trellis look as though fire had run 
through them, and all the young growth 
and bloom was destroyed. Others on 
a lath trellis were not hurt. A border 
of scarlet sage had about every alternate 
plant killed and the intervening ones 
unhurt. Years ago 1 had a greenhouse 
frozen by the neglect of the fireman. A 
bunch of Poinsettias in full bloom were 
all killed except one plant that did not 
lose a leaf, though the thermometer 
when I reached the house stood at 25 
above zero. Some palms were killed and 
others unhurt. Why one plant of the 
same tender nature will stand the cold 
while its near neighbor is killed is one 
of the things hard to understand. Some 
fields of potatoes here, most of them in 
fact, were frozen down, while nearby 
ones escaped. Why is this thus? 
Maryland. w. f. massey. 
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That is why the demand cen¬ 
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have come to outsell every other 
tire. 
The Secret 
The secret lies in six flat bands 
of 126 braided wires. They are 
vulcanized into the tire base. 
That makes the tire base un- 
stretchable. The tire can’t be 
forced off without removing a 
rim flange. So we don’t hook the 
tire to the rim. 
With this hookless tire you turn 
your rim flanges outward—not in¬ 
ward as with clincher tires. Then 
the tire, when wholly or partly de¬ 
flated, rests on a rounded edge. 
Rim-cutting is made impossible. 
Extra Capacity 
No -Rim-Cut tires 
have 10 per cent 
more air capacity 
than the same rated, 
size in clinchers. And 
air is what carries the 
load. 
This over-capacity, 
on the average, adds 
25 per cent to the tire 
mileage. 
So the tires save rim - cutting 
and save over - loading. They 
save so much that they have be¬ 
come the most popular tires in 
the world. 
The Vital 
Bands of Wire 
But our braided wire bands are 
considered essential to a faultless 
tire of this type. 
Again and again other ways 
have been tried. And thousands 
of tires came back for replacement 
because the ways were wrong. 
So the demand has come to 
Goodyears, in an overwhelming 
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12 months alone. 
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