880 
ages tells us, that when any people neglect their 
agricultural interests, or their agricultural people 
become ill paid, that the nation declines from that 
time. If the census proves anything, it proves that 
agriculture at this time is ill paid, and is far from 
a prosperous condition. We are told of specific 
instances, yet this proves nothing. If any section 
has advanced above another it has been largely if 
not entirely due to two reasons; first the drawing 
upon and destroying of the natural high fertility of 
the soil, a fertility stored during countless years and 
exhausted in a single generation, and again due to 
the rapid settlement of the country and the natural 
enhancement of the value of the land separate from 
its actual earning capacity. Proving this last fact, 
we were recently speaking with a minister whose 
father holds some 400 acres of rich land in Northern 
Illinois which will sell readily at $200 per acre. 
When asked concerning the net earning of the land 
he told us it would not earn their low interest 
Charge. w. m. woolkidge. 
Montana. 
FATHER AND SON PARTNERSHIP. 
I have been very much interested in the letters 
about the father and son. I think there is a great 
big mistake (I almost said crime) in their attitude 
toward each other. Instead of their being antag¬ 
onistic they should co-operate and balance up one 
another. The father's conservatism should he just 
enough of a drag on the son’s.enthusiasm to keep it 
from upsetting the milk. Nearly 30 years ago m.v 
father made me this proposition: ‘‘The farm has 
not paid expenses for a number of years, and if 
you wish to take hold and make it pay, we will 
divide the profits.” I jumped at it, for where 
could he or I do better? Now my father has passed 
away, and I own the farm, and not once did 
either of us regret the partnership. Many times his 
words of caution stopped things which I now realize 
might have swamped the firm, for while conserva¬ 
tive his experience was worth whole lumps of en¬ 
thusiasm. It does not hurt a boy to leave the farm 
for awhile and get some business methods knocked 
in him; they are just as useful on a farm as in 
Wall Street, but if he wishes to farm let him by all 
means form a partnership with his father if possible. 
I now call myself a conservative father who was 
once a progressive son. w. 
RIGHTS OF LESSEES UNDER FORECLOSURE. 
December 1, 1911, I leased the farm I am on for one 
year. December 1, 1912, when I wished to renew for 
three years, the owner told me he could not renew 
lease, as the party who held a mortgage on the farm 
was threatening to foreclose, but that he would rent by 
the month, stating he would see that I was not molested 
for the year, or until I got my crops off, but nothing in 
writing. I am a market gardener and have put my 
crops on same as if I had a lease. June 19 I and my 
wife were served with a summons and ‘‘no personal 
Claim” by the attorney for the mortgagee, who has be¬ 
gun action for foreclosure. He wrote me saying the 
summons and no personal claim papers were necessary 
to a clear title, and were friendly. Will you please 
make clear the following points: 
(1) What is a no personal claim ? 
(2) Is it necessary for me to answer the summons? 
(3) How long a time does it take from beginning to 
end of foreclosure proceedings? 
(T > Would the court protect me till December 1, in 
case the property passed into other hands? If it re¬ 
mains the property of either the present owner or mort¬ 
gagee, I shall be all right, as both are friendly. 
(5) At foreclosure sale is it necessary to pay all cash 
or is the property sold part cash and part to remain 
on mortgage? c. n. 
New York. 
It is taken for granted that your lease was made 
after the giving of the mortgage. 
(1) “No personal claim” means in your case that 
you. having a lease of the property, have an interest 
therein, and that you are a necessary party defend¬ 
ant. but that the mortgagee in foreclosing the mort¬ 
gage. does not make any claim against you person¬ 
ally in the judgment. 
(2) It is not necessary for you to answer the 
summons further than to notify the mortgagee that 
you have an interest in the crops that you have 
planted on the properly. 
(3) It is somewhat difficult to state any exact 
time that it will take to complete a foreclosure pro¬ 
ceeding because it depends upon the terms of court 
and various other matters, but it ought not. as a 
general rule, to take more than three or four months. 
(4) No provision will be made for you in the de¬ 
cree of foreclosure, but your right to the increase 
of the crops you have planted must be recognized 
by any party acquiring the property on the sale, and 
it will be well for you to notify (in writing) who¬ 
ever buys the property, of your claim on the crops. 
(5) The sale is generally made for cash for the 
full amount of the mortgage and disbursements, and 
as much more as anyone is willing to pay, but if 
you wish to buy you will undoubtedly have no 
trouble to get the present mortgagee or someone else 
THE RURAL NEW-VORKER 
to advance you substantially the amount of the pres¬ 
ent mortgage on a new purchase money mortgage. 
The proceedings on the foreclosure of a mortgage 
on real estate are, generally speaking, about as 
follows: 
After default in the payment of the amount due, 
the summons and complaint are made up and served 
on the mortgagor or person owning tlie property, and 
on all of the parties who have an interest in the real 
estate, such as lessees, judgment creditors, second 
mortgagees, etc., and all these parties are served 
with the summons and complaint, and generally all 
those except the mortgagor are served with a notice 
that no personal claim will be made against them. 
These necessary parties generally file a notice of 
appearance by some attorney and a waiver of all 
further notice except notice of the sale of the prop¬ 
erty and of the surplus money proceedings, if any. 
The mortgagor has 20 days to answer, but usually 
he makes no answer, and then the attorney for the 
plaintiff makes and files his necessary affidavit of 
the proceedings to date; a judgment of foreclosure 
and sale is entered, and an order is made by the 
court appointing a referee to compute the amount 
of the mortgage and interest. After this is com¬ 
puted and filed a referee is appointed to sell the 
property, which is generally done at the court house 
after notice of the time and place of the sale is 
made in some newspaper published in the county 
in which the land is situated. At the sale it is 
usual, if the mortgage is nearly of the value of the 
property, for the mortgagee to hid it in at the 
amount of the mortgage plus the legal costs and dis¬ 
bursements; but if the property is worth more than 
the mortgage someone may bid considerably higher 
than this, and then what is known as the surplus 
money, i. e., that left over after the mortgage and 
legal costs are satisfied, is distributed among the 
other creditors according to priority of claims. 
Leases which are made before the mortgaging of 
the leased premises are not bothered by the fore¬ 
closure and sale of the premises, as their rights 
are prior to those of the mortgagee; but if the 
lease is made after the mortgage, the lessee is sup¬ 
posed to know of the conditions of the mortgage, and 
takes his lease subject to such conditions and may 
be ousted by foreclosure and sale. 
August 2, 
if necessary. Observe a certain unchanging order 
in filling the spaces. Tn every instance let the upper 
left space contain the name of the crop or animals 
concerned, such as “Oats,” “Hogs,” “Dairy,” “Gen¬ 
eral,” etc. Use the upper right only for a sub¬ 
division of the account shown in the upper left. For 
instance, if several varieties of apples are mingled 
in an orchard, the upper left will contain the word 
“Apples,” while the upper right will contain the 
name of the variety when it is possible to divide 
the expense or income. Or assume purebred hogs 
are kept, a few being sold as breeders, the remainder 
as pork; the upper left will then contain the word 
“Hogs” in every case, the upper right reading “Pork” 
or “Breeders” when possible to differentiate. Use 
the middle left space only to express the nature 
of the transaction or work, using terms like 
“Bought,” “Sold,” “Used,” “Fed,” “Plowing,” “Pick¬ 
ing,” etc. The lower left should be reserved for the 
price or value in money. Fill the other spaces as 
definitely with a view to obtain the information that 
circumstances make desirable. 
Anticipating next Winter's day of reckoning, a 
few thoughts on reasonable returns may be in order. 
On average farms the figures should show returns 
of at least four per cent on the total investment, in 
addition to 30 cents per hour for labor. If farmers 
wish to feel well paid with less, they should con¬ 
vince themselves that farms are less useful than 
“business,” or farmers are less industrious and intel¬ 
ligent than mechanics. If they begin to wonder what 
becomes of the other 65 cents, farmers can assert 
their rights with more assurance and better success 
if their statements are supported by accurate 
records. a. g. m. 
KEEPING FARM RECORDS. 
I wish to suggest a plan for keeping farm records 
used during the last two years. To start, 
a pencil and a few slips of any plain paper 
IN OR LINE-BREEDING. 
In March, 1912, I bought 1,000 day-old chicks. Owing 
to inexperience I raised only 256 pullets and saved 
10 cockerels. Then I bought three two-year-old roost¬ 
ers and this Spring raised chicks from these 13 roosters 
and about ISO of the best-looking pullets. My fertility 
was excellent, between 95 and 100 per cent. Incuba¬ 
tor realized from 60 to 80 per cent, hens from 90 and 
in two instances 100 per cent. Next Spring I wish to 
raise from these same 1912 chicks again. My question 
is, shall I save some cockerels from this year’s hatch, 
and mate them to their mothers, or mate the same 
cocks and hens again that I mated this Spring, or take 
these same cocks and mate them next year to their 
daughters? I would like to keep this strain in the 
family, as they are good laying birds so far, consider¬ 
ably outlaying the show poultry at Storrs’. But I do 
not quite understand whether this would be Zme-breed- 
ing or in-breeding. Remember, I only introduced 25 
per cent new blood (three two-year-old cocks), v. B. 
Washington. 
As you evidently have a good laying strain of 
HOGS. 
vigorous fowls, I should, by all means, keep the 
6-25-13. strain pure. Whether you keep the same males that 
you have used this year, or mate this year’s coek- 
erels back to their mothers, is, perhaps, immaterial. 
Using the males from the original flock would be 
Sold, 3. 
termed line-breeding, as they are brothers to the 
400 lbs. hens, and mating the cockerels to their dams would 
be called in-breeding by those who make this dis- 
$31. 
tinction between the two terms. Of course, these 
X relationships exist between only a small part of the 
flock, as a cockerel can have but one mother though 
he have a thousand aunts, it is usually considered 
are necessary. For every purchase or sale, when that cockerels are better than two-year-olds for 
\\oik is done, or a product used, divide a slip mating with old hens, and it would be a good plan 
into spaces and fill out something like the samples f or y ou to select some of your best cockerels and if 
lieiewith. This requires little time and is the only any of them are better than their sires, replace the 
p.ut of the accounting which must be done when .sires by them. Select these cockerels for size and 
WHEAT. 
vigor; see unit uiey nave me size ana snape oi 
7-15-13. comb and head that indicate masculinity; pick them 
up and drop them to the ground again, if they re- 
•A bound into the air like a bundle of springs and turn 
to light you, keep them, but if one falls, ker-slap, 
Cutting, 5a, 
like a wet dish-rag and don’t care whether or not 
2 Men, 20 hours. he gets up again, give him away to some neighbor 
who is more anxious to introduce new blood into his 
$6.50. 
flock than he is to build it up on its own foundation. 
3 Horses, 27 hours. With proper care of your breeding stock and 
yearly selection for size, vigor, and prolificacy, it 
other work is pressing. Simply allow the slips to 
accumulate during the busy season. 
Sorting will be a pleasant task for some stormy 
day next Winter. First, group according to crops; 
sub-divide one group so all slips showing a return 
are in one sub-division, all showing an expense in 
another; total the amounts shown and the difference 
will be the profit or loss; proceed in like manner 
with each group. Next group according to the other 
spaces and much valuable information may be ob¬ 
tained, such as total sales, purchases, used for fam¬ 
ily, or fed; total acres covered by various machines; 
or time of men or horses; in short, provision may 
be made for any desired data. 
These essential points will bear emphasis: Make 
the slips uniform in size; 4x6 inches is the smallest 
that will pile well. Divide each into the same num¬ 
ber of spaces. Fill every space; use an x or dash 
will be many years before you need to go outside 
of a flock of one thousand fowls for new blood. And 
when, if ever, you do, don’t do it blindly but select 
the strain that you want to introduce and mate a 
few specimens with your own fowls, keeping them 
marked for identification; then watch the resulting 
progeny. If the two strains “nick” and the progeny 
is superior to your own pure strain, you may safely 
cross them, but if the mixture results in a reversion 
to something near the type of the old original jungle 
fowl, you will have been warned before you have 
ruined your whole flock. There is more to the 
science of breeding than the making of indiscrimi¬ 
nate crosses with something that looks good. 
M. B. D. 
The British War Department is gradually lessen¬ 
ing the number of docked horses purchased, and the 
War Secretary has announced that none will be accept¬ 
ed at the end of three years. 
