JiJ©9 
THE RURAL NE W-YOKKb.K 
CONCRETE TROUGHS. 
Concrete is so satisfactory for watering 
troughs and the construction so easy that 
such troughs are rapidly replacing those 
constructed of other materials. The 
trough in the picture, Fig. 510, is five feet 
long. 20 inches wide and high, and after 
the form was made took but a few hours 
to build, including hauling the gravel and 
putting on the finishing coat of cement 
wash. Making the form is the most diffi¬ 
cult part, and after one is made it can 
be used repeatedly, passed around among 
the neighbors, if of standard size and 
shape. 
The trough shown rests on the natural 
rock, is reenforced with wire, and barring 
accidents should last awhile. Concrete of 
dirty gravel does not harden properly, 
and care should be used in selecting the 
gravel and sand, and if dirt be present 
washing the gravel should be resorted to. 
CONCRETE TROUGH. Fig. 510. 
Crushed stone makes the best concrete. 
If sand and gravel be used just as they 
come naturally mixed from the gravel 
bank, make sure that the proportion of 
sand is about right, because sand alone 
requires several times more cement than 
properly proportioned sand and gravel to 
make satisfactory concrete. In 48 hours 
the form can be removed from the trough, 
the corners and rough places smoothed 
down and the finishing coat of cement 
wash applied. After standing a week or 
10 days turn in the water. 
Ohio. W. E. DUCICWALL. 
NATURAL POWER ON THE FARM. 
Part I. 
Natural power sufficient for running 
mall, or in some instances large, ma¬ 
chinery may be seen going to waste on 
many of our farms, and especially on 
many of our Eastern farms. Some farm- 
<t may have a small brook flowing 
through his farm, and never stop to think 
°f the value of this power or energy that 
is going to waste year after year, or how 
■ heaply it might be utilized. In a great 
many cases the difficulty seems to lie in 
the fact that the brook or creek is some 
distance from the house or place where 
the power is needed, and the owner of 
the creek does not realize how far or with 
POWER MADE BY A DEAF MUTE. 
Fig. 511. 
ow little expense this power may be car- 
tied from the place where it is generated 
io the place where it is to be used. A 
' reat many small brooks on our upland 
farms are not utilized for furnishing 
power on account of volume of water, 
when in many instances the greater fall 
or “head” which may be obtained will 
more than make up for the lack of vol¬ 
ume. On the other hand, many larger 
reeks are not made use of owing to lack 
of head, when the greater volume of water 
will offset the lack of head. 
There is in this neighborhood a mill, 
which although now going to ruin 
through neglect, was once run with the 
water from a small spring. In this mill 
the farmer who owned it used to grind 
feed for his own use and do besides con¬ 
siderable grinding for the neighbors. 
I here was also in addition to the feed 
grinder a shingle saw, turning lathe and 
smne other machinery. The flow of water 
trom the spring was not sufficient to run 
the mill except in the Spring or during 
it wet time, but a dam had been built at 
,l Point just above a hole in the rocks 
which was perhaps 25 or SO feet deep. 
and at the bottom of this “rock hole” was 
placed a small turbine wheel. Usually 
enough water could be stored in the pond, 
which together with the flow from the 
spring would run the mill for a day at a 
time. 
I saw in Rhode Island a wheel which 
was run by the tide. The owner of the 
land at this point had built a crude dam 
across a small inlet, and in this dam he 
had built a rectangular, flue with a gate 
at each end. In this flue was placed the 
wheel, a simple eight-fan affair, with its 
fans or paddles so arranged that the 
water would strike their ends. Of course 
this wheel would run only a part of the 
time while the tide was flowing or ebb¬ 
ing, but it generated considerable power. 
As may be surmised, the wheel ran in 
different direction each time the tide 
changed, but this difficulty was overcome 
by crossing the driving belt when the 
wheel ran in the wrong direction. 
There are many rapidly flowing streams 
of considerable volume in which the build¬ 
ing of a dam would be difficult and ex¬ 
pensive, where the water line might be 
raised by a ridge of stones or a few logs 
weighted down with stones or rocks to 
a sufficient length to permit of a ditch 
being dug to carry some of the water to 
a point below the dam where it would be 
practical to place a wheel. When a boy, 
I remember fishing in a large pond which 
covered perhaps five or six acres. The 
farm on which this pond was located 
passed from one owner and tenant to an¬ 
other, and no one ever thought of utiliz¬ 
ing the water for generating power, until 
a deaf mute built a dam across the out¬ 
let and constructed a small overshot 
wheel, the power from which was carried 
to the house, some distance away, by a 
system of wooden arms and levers, where 
it was used to run the churn.- Fig. 511, 
shows arrangement of wheel made ’ by 
deaf mute; (a) overshot water wheel; 
(b) arm; (c) pole to support arms; (d) 
long strips of wood attached to arms; 
(e) showing arrangement of dash churn 
at house. 
Many people in the vicinity of Albany, 
N. Y., probably remember the old “Ken¬ 
wood Mill” at Kenwood, the dam of 
which was constructed of logs and rocks, 
at one of the most rapid points on the 
Normanskill. Just above the falls this 
dam was barely high enough to fill the 
tubes, which were perhaps 20 inches in 
diameter and made of wood. These tubes 
were supported on trestles, and ran to a 
point some rods below the dam, where 
towered the old wooden bulkhead at the 
bottom of which was the old-fashioned tur¬ 
bine wheel. The power was transmitted 
to the mill about oue-fourth mile below by 
means of a steel cable, which was sup¬ 
ported between points on large wooden 
wheels. This cable, as I remember it, 
was not more than one-half inch in diam¬ 
eter, and ran rapidly. IIow much power 
was transmitted by the cable I do not 
know, and it is quite probable no one ever 
did know, as the mill has been out of 
commission for a good many years, but 
in view of the fact that the mill was a 
large one for its day, and all grinding 
being done on the old-fashioned stones, 
I think it safe to say that at least 100 
horsepower must have been required for 
its operation. Power may be trans¬ 
mitted almost any reasonable distance by 
meaus of such a cable, or where the power 
is small, say, four-horsepower or less, an 
ordinary galvanized wire might be made 
to answer the purpose. Of course the 
higher the speed of the transmitting ma¬ 
chinery the less would be the strain on 
the wire or cable. Where a wire was 
used it would be necessary to have the 
driving wheel rather large to avoid too 
short bending of the wire. 
Schoharie Co., N. Y. a, j. hill. 
Encouraging Fruiting. 
I see one of your readers complains 
that his apple orchard will not bear any 
fruit; he says trees are 21 years old. 
He should have had several crops on 
these trees; they are making wood 
growth instead of putting on fruit buds. 
My advice would bo to plow orchard in 
July and sow to oats, three bushels to 
acre, and sow with 150 pounds of potash. 
Do not use any nitrogen in any form. 
The oats will stop tree growth at right 
time and frost will kill oats in time to 
make a good mulch for trees. The pot¬ 
ash will help harden wood, also make fruit 
solid and well colored. 
Ghio. FRED W. FARRALL. 
r. 
5!l!|!U£ 
More Dairymen 
/s Ca// ofthe South 
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'HE Markets of the Southeastern States for dairy products are far = 
T f _ _ 
greater than the supply. The cry from every section is for more 
M dairy farmers. Millions of dollars are sent to the North and 
m W est ea ch y ear from the Southeastern States for butter, milk, cream 
=§ and cheese. 
Southern farmers have been so busy each year looking after their great 
|j cotton crops, that dairy farming has not received the attention it deserves. 
g We can acquaint you with many Southern farms, excellently adapted 
M to dairying, that can be purchased from $15 to $50 an acre. On 
H these lands you can grow crops nine to twelve months in the year. 
H Alfalta yields 4 to 6 tons annually per acre. Cowpeas and soy beans 
§§ produce heavily. Oats, vetch, rye, clover and rape furnish winter 
H grazing. Scores of different grasses make excellent hay and supply 
§§ the finest pasturage. 
H Corn grows everywhere. The best quality and largest yields in the 
H Cnited States have been made in the Southeastern States. This 
H section is also the base of the cotton seed meal supply of the country. 
§§ The Southern farmer is at the source of all foods necessary for the 
g cheapest production of dairy products. 
H A summary of the Southern dairy advantages are the long growing 
|§ seasons, making food products very cheap; a short mild winter, obviating 
p the necessity of expensive barns; plenty of pure water; ample cheap 
M l an d and markets in every locality which pay the highest prices; milk 
= wholesaling at 22 to 30 cents a gallon and generally retailing at. 10 
H to 1 2 cents per quart. 
I The Southern Railway 
^ operate over their lines continuously a fully equipped dairy car in an endeavor to 
p promote this profitable industry. Besides this co-operation, several experienced dairy 
P instructors travel constantly over these lines visiting adjacent farms and giving expert 
p advice and help to dairymen and others wishifig to engage in the business. All of 
= these services are given free. 
|j On the first and third Tuesdays of the month Reduced Homeseekers’ Tickets 
P are sold to Southern points. Write for round trip rates and make a personal investi- 
p gation this winter of the wonderful Southern country. 
p To simplify correspondence, please fill out the blanks below, mail to us and we will 
p send our free magazine, “The Southern Field,” and lists of farms for sale. We have 
1 no land to sell but we will refer you to reliable parties with whom you can personally 
p make your arrangements. 
| M. V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent 
| Room 87, SOUTHERN RAILWAY, Washington, D. C. 
= -I am interested in the State and subjects checked below- 
Mobile & Ohio 
Railroad and 
Georgia Southern 
& Florida Ry. 
m\m 
m □ Virginia □ North Carolina □ South Carolina □ Georgia □ Florida □ Alabama H 
= □ Mississippi □ Tennessee □ Kentucky = 
§§ □ Dairy □ Livestock □ Poultry □ Fruit □ Truck □ General Farming M 
HAVANA -i 
Steel Wheels 
For any wagon or cart you 
may have on your farm. We 
make the wheels to fit your 
axle. You give us the exact 
dimensions of your axle, as 
asked for on our order sheet,and 
we guarantee a fit. If you are 
interested, we shall be pleased 
to forward you our catalogue 
and order sheet. Write us. 
Havana Metal Wheel Co. 
Box 17 , Havana, Illinois 
v 
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I F.eU: 
ELECTRIC 
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Handy 
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Are Big 
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SAVERS! 
No 
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high i 
lifting or pitch j 
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50%. Don’t rut I 
fields or roads. 
We also furnish 
Electric Steel 
Wheels to fit ANY 
L wagon. Wheels can' _ 
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free book of facts and proofs. 
Electric Wheel Co., 
tS Kim Street, 
iiuincT, 111. 
