TITLES AND BIOLOGY. (ll, A, i.) Echill, 33 
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302. ——. Aufschliisse und Yersteinerungen im Turon des Krcises 
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v r 
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A preliminary Abstract. 
ZUR STRASSEN, O. (338) Zool. Rec. 1901. Abstract: in Ludwig 
(178). 
II. BIOLOGY. 
(A.) EYOLUTION. 
i. General Principles :—Modes of evolution: Orthogenesis (Eimer 
em. Jkl.) illustrated by Melocrinidae , Taxocrinidae , Caryocrinidae , 
Caleidocr. and Platycrinidae ; Epistasis [ = retardation of development, 
Cope] illustrated by orals of recent Crin., anals of Thaumatocr. and 
Hexacrinidae , basals of Uintacr ., Marsupites , and Atelecr ., the Hybo- 
crinidae , and Salenidae ; Metakinesis (a sudden fundamental change, 
originating in early youth [caenogenetic]) illustrated by origin of 
Porocrinus from Perittocr ., the Heterocrinidae , origin of Blastoidecc , and 
Tiarechinus ; Jaekel (134).—Sessile attitude of Ecliinoderm ancestor 
advantageous, fixed by heredity, cause of the metamorphosis and 
torsion of organs; Perrier (220).—Palaeontological history of Cyst., 
Blast,, Crin., and Ech., illustrating causes of extinction; Crampton (51) 
p. 468. 
