38 Echin. 
XfV. ECHINODERMA. 
(218) p. 309: in Nucleocr. verneuili ; Greene (110) p. 81: in 
Pentremites koninckanus , two cases, in one of which a ray bears 
a double subvective groove; Greene (111) p. 90, pi. xxix. 
2. Reduplication or absence of parts :—two extra anal plates in 
Nudeocr. verneuili; Greene (110) p. 81.— Schizaster with one 
genital pore ; Lambert (161) p. 46, see also i, c, 5, 12. 
e. Abnormalities:—Monstrous Hold, see iv, k; Clark (45).— 
Monstrous ambulacrum in Echinocorys ; Arnaud (12) p. 6, pi. iv. —- 
Deformities in Gyrtocr ., Sclerocr. and Eugeniacr. ; Remes (234) 
pp. 198, 201, 205.- Talarocr., simplex with an inferradial, also one 
with an inferradial and a radianal (p. 91, pi. xxix), a subvective 
groove transferred from one radial to the adjoining one, which thus 
has two abutting grooves, in Pentremites gocloni (p. 90, pi. xxix); 
Greene (111). —(£ Asterias glacialis; Delage (65) p. 239. 
iii. Secondary Sexual Characters :— 
a. Differences of Form or Structure:—in Ech; Hamann (119' 
p. 1140.—Possible differences of form in Scutella patcigonensis and 
S. circularis’, Ortmann (212) pp. 58, 59. 
b. Differences of Colour:—Vacant. 
c. Protection of Young :—Resume of methods in Hoi., three lines 
of development, confined to 13 shallow-water spp. of Synaptidae 
and Dendrochirotae , five being Cucumaria ; Clark (44).—In Ech. ; 
Hamann (119) p. 1139.—Brood pouch, in Hemiaster avesanus ; 
Oppenheim (210) p. 223.—Brooding of Cribrella and Asterias ; 
Masterman (195) p. 374. 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
i. General :—Vacant. 
ii. Circulation :—Coagulation of blood in various invertebrates, Hoi. 
studied, but nothing said about them specially; Bottazzi (28).—Ditto 
in Strongylocentrotus ; Ducceschi (74). 
iii. Respiration :—Coelomic fluid of Strongylocentrotus contains no sub¬ 
stance that fixes oxygen; Cuenot (53) p. 115.—Osmosis,—internal 
fluid agrees in molecular concentration and salinity with external 
sea-water in Asterias glacialis and Holothuria tubulosa (p. 432), but in 
ovaries of Sphaerechinus granulciris the salinity is less (p. 448); 
Fredericq (85): between interior and exterior fluid media in Ast. ; 
Quinton (229). 
iv. Alimentation and Digestion: —Digestive fluids of Strongylo¬ 
centrotus ; Scott (256). 
v. Excretion and its Products: —Urns of Synapta collect waste 
particles floating in the coelomic fluid and agglutinate them into the 
brown bodies, there is no true excretion through the urns ; Cuenot 
(52). , 
Pigments,—ferruginous, but not respiratory, obtained by macera¬ 
ting Asterias rubens in fresh water; Dubois (73).—Red, in combina¬ 
tion with lime, in integument of an Ophidiaster ; Macmunn (185) 
p. 189.—Blue-green, of Pentacr. wyvillethomsoni ; Richard (238) p. 84. 
vi. Sensation : —Phototropism of parthenogenetic larvae of Asterias ; 
Delage (64) p. 234.— Spheridia are automobile, and when removed 
the urchin rights itself but not so quickly, therefore spheridia are not 
the sole organs of orientation, in Strongylocentrotus and Echinus ; 
Delage (59). 
