2 Verm. 
XV. VERMES. 
INTRODUCTION. 
During the year several monographs have been published among which 
may be mentioned Ribaucourt’s (349), on the comparative anatomy and 
histology of Lumbricidce , Sluiter’s (396) monograph dealing with the 
Sipunculids and Echiurids collected in the Indian Archipelago on the 
“ Siboga ” expedition, and Bossuat (43) on Cestoda, Nematoda , and Trema- 
toda of the liver. 
Braun (50) has published a text-book on the parasites of man. Neveu- 
Lemaire (303) has brought out a book on animal parasitology, a great part 
of which is devoted to Vermes. 
Buttel-Reepen (56) has published a paper on the group of Trematoda 
represented by Distomum clavatum. Looss (251) has contributed a very 
complete piece of work on the new and already known Trematodes of the 
turtle, including discussions of much systematic importance. Braun (49) 
describes 72 spp. of Trematodes inhabiting birds. 
The first part of the Bergendal’s studies (27, 28) on Nemertina deals 
with Callinera biirgeri , while the second part is devoted to the anatomy and 
histology of Valencinura bahusiensis , being a memoir on the anatomy and 
classification of the Heteronemerteans. His other papers (29-32) also 
supply fresh facts concerning various Nemertina . 
Budington (53) has written upon the physiological characteristics of 
annelid muscle, while Bugge (54) has given a contribution on the excretory 
system of Cestodes and Trematodes. 
Beddard (19-24) has added considerably to our knowledge of Earth¬ 
worms, paying special attention to the reproductive organs; he describes 
several new forms. Cobb (80-85) has contributed several papers on 
injurious Nematodes from Australia. 
Woltereck (469) has published a very complete work on the histology 
of the larvae of Pclygordius spp., including a discussion on the origin of 
Polygordius in the North Sea. 
A monograph on general histology by Schneider (375) includes much 
matter on Platyhelmia , Nemathelminthes , Nemertina , Archiannelida , 
Polychceta , Oligochceta , Hirudinea , Enteropneusta and Chcetognatha which 
must be noticed. 
Bounhiol’s (46) work on the respiration of Polychceta is very exhaustive, 
treating as it does of the physico-chemical conditions of the sea-water 
medium, and also the relations between respiration and the mode of life 
and habitat. 
Jagerskiold (190) contributes much useful information on the skin- 
glands of Nematodes. Grassi (154) has done additional work on the 
subject of filariasis and mosquitos. 
Child (72) gives a treatise on the structure and movements of Steno- 
stoma and the process of fission, with descriptions of typical cases of form- 
regulation in zooids separated from chains and a discussion of the theory 
of mechanical regulation. 
The maturation of the egg, fertilization and development in some Trema¬ 
todes, have been studied by Goldschmidt (145-147). 
Many memoirs have appeared again this year on regeneration. Of these 
the chief is Morgan’s (293) book on “Regeneration.” It includes much 
work on Planarians and Annelids. Other memoirs on regeneration, too 
numerous to be here individually mentioned, will be found in the Subject- 
Indices. 
There is an exhaustive treatise by Conte (98) on the Embryology of 
Nematodes, including the history of the subject, his methods of manipu¬ 
lation, genital apparatus and eggs, influence of the nutritive medium on 
development, segmentation and formation of the various organs, and 
anomalies of development ; he deals also with the affinities of the group. 
