BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION. 
Spong. 17 
the form of gemmules, giving rise to new gemmules without passing 
through the adult condition. The resistance of the gemmules to external 
conditions is very great. Their power of reproduction is not indefinite; 
COTTE (10). 
Gemmules in Tethya ingalli ; Sollas (58) p. 215.—Gemmules of Pachy- 
chahna caulifera 0. S., p. 9: in Desmacella peachii, p. 92: in Desmacella 
hamifera, n. sp., p. 95; in Desmacella groenlandica, p. 97 ; Lundbeck (38).— 
Gemmules of Carterius stepanowi Dyb.; Lauterborn (32) pp. 523-528, 
2-4. Gemmule formation in Ephydatia blembingia [after Evans, (15) 
Zool. Rec. 1900]; Schneider (54) pp. 272-274, fig. 301. 
(c) Regeneration.— Vacant. 
F. Miscellaneous. 
(i) Technique. —Methods of studying sponge-skeletons ; Wilson 
(71) p. 378.—^Preparation of skeletons of Spongilla ; Zehfuss (76). 
(ii) Economics.— A commercial sponge ( Euspongia irregularis var. 
pertusa ), at Manahiki, or Humphrey Island; Etheridge (14) p. 246.— 
Recent advances in spongiculture, and in our knowledge of commercial 
sponges; Minchin (42) pp. 813 & 814. 
(iii) Bibliography. —Maas (39). 
III. DISTRIBUTION. 
i 
A. GEOGRAPHICAL, 
a. Marine. 
(i) General.—General distribution of sponges; Jordan & Heath 
(24) pp. 22 & 23. 
(ii) Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas.—Exe Estuary, Leu- 
cosolenia, Sycon, Grantia, and Halichondria ; Allen & Todd (2) pp. 310, 
314, 317.—Coast of Normandy, Leucosolenia, Sycon, Grantia, Stelletta, 
Halichondria, Reniera, Esperella, Plumohalichondria, Hymen iacidon, 
Raspciilia, Spongelia ; Kerville (25) pp. 165, 175.—Sponges from “the 
eastern part of Davis Strait and the sea north of a line through the 
southernmost station of the Ingolf at about 57° L.N. across to the south 
of the Faroe Islands, that is to say, from the whole of the North Atlantic,” 
exclusive of the Norwegian Fiords ; Pachychalina , Chalina , Siphonocha- 
lina , Halichondria , Eumastia , Reniera , Metschnikowia , Petrosia , Phloeodic- 
tyon , Gellius , Gelliodes , Oceanapia , Riemma , Desmacella , and Hamacantha , 
in all 56 spp., of which 25 are new; Lundbeck (38).—Azores, Poecillastra 
symbiotica , n. sp.; Topsent (62) p. 13.—Cape Verde Islands, 3890 metres, 
Cladorhiza jlos a byssi, n. sp.; Topsent (61).—Porto Rico; Pericharax , 
Margaritella, Chrotella, Pilochrota, Tribrachium, Caminus, Chondrilla, 
Coppatias, Tethya , Tuberella, Petrosia , Foliolina, Pachychalina, Siphono- 
chalina, Spinosella, Oceanapia, Tedania, Microciona, Clathria, Agelas, 
Phahellia, Axinella, Thrinacophora, Chalinopsilla, Euspongia, Hippo- 
spongia, Cacospongia, Stelospongus, Hircinia, Aplysina, Dendrospongia, 
Spongelia ; in all 45 species, including 14 nn. spp. and 6 new varr.; 
Wilson (71). 
(iii) Indian Ocean and Adjacent Seas.—Indian Ocean, com¬ 
plete list of Hexactinellids, collected by the Investigator and by previous 
1902. [Vol. xxxix.] f 4 
