18 Spong. 
XVII. SPONGLE. 
expeditions, with tables of localities of all the specimens; Schulze (56) 
pp. 101-113. 
Island of Bourbon, Heterotella corbicula ; Ijima (21).—Indian Archi¬ 
pelago, Placospongia carinata and P. melobesioides ; Vosmaer & Vernhout 
(66).—Malay Peninsula, Pulau Bidang, off the West Coast, and Great 
Redang, off the East Coast, Amorphina , Reniera, Gellius, Esperella , 
Biemma , Desmacella , Ciocalypta , Tethya , Hymedesmia, Spirastrella , >S'«- 
berites , Pseudosuberites , Terpios, Dercitus , Samus , Tetilla , Cinachyra , 
Euspongia , Stelospongia , Spongelia , in all 30 spp., of which 11 are new; 
Sollas (58). 
South Africa, Cape of Good Hope and Natal, Rhabdocalyptus , Cratero- 
morpha , Tetilla , Spongocardium, n. g., Pachastrella , and Stelletta , in all 
eight spp., of which six are described as new; Kirkpatrick (28)'. 
(iv) Pacific Ocean and Adjacent Seas.—Hexactinellida col¬ 
lected in the Sagami-Sea, Japan, general account of; Ijima (22).— 
Moluccas, Corbitella speciosa and 6'. elegans; Ijima (21).—Lifu, Loyalty 
Islands, the finding of Astrosclera willeyana Lister; Willey (70) p. 733.— 
Monterey Bay, California, Rhabdodermella nuttingi , n. g., n. sp. occurring 
between tide-marks; Urban (64) p. 269. 
(v) Arctic Seas.—Vacant. 
(vi) Antarctic Seas.—Sponges of “Southern Cross” Expedition, 
Leucosolenia , Halichondria ; Kirkpatrick (27). 
/3. Freshwater Sponges. 
(i) Europe.—Rhenish Palatinate, Carterius stepanoivi Dyb., new to 
the fauna of Germany; Lauterborn (32) pp. 532-534.—Spongillinse from 
Brunswick, Euspongilla lacustris and Ephydatia jluviatilis ; Blasius (6).— 
Esbo-Lofo (Finland), Ephydatia jluviatilis occurring in sea-water; Le- 
yander (35) p. 9.—Murmanian Coast, freshwater fauna, Euspongilla 
lacustris ; Levander (36) pp. 6, 17. 
(ii) Asia.—Lake Baikal, Lubomirskia , 4 spp., 4 varr., and Ephydatia 
olchonensis , n. sp.; Svartzevsky (59). 
Lake Baikal, Veluspa , Lubomirskia , Ephydatia , and Spongilla , 10 spp. 
(5 new) and 12 varr. (3 new); Svartzevsky (60). 
(iii) Africa.—Lake Nyassa, “ one very inconspicuous spongillid of 
doubtful affinity,” p. 125: Lake Tanganyika, Spongilla tanganyikce Evans, 
N. moorei Evans, and Potamolepis weltneri Moore, p. 138, pp. 309-324, and 
p. 331; Moore (43). 
(iv) Australia.—Vacant. 
(v) America.—Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie, Spongilla spp.; Land- 
acre (31). 
B. GEOLOGICAL. 
(i) General. 
Distribution in time of the Hexactinellida. The suborder Stauractino- 
phora appears to have died out before the commencement of the mesozoic 
epoch. The oldest Lychniskophora appear in the Upper Jurassic and 
reach their highest development in the Upper Cretaceous, only a few 
forms persisting to the present day. The Hexactinophora are modern 
forms; fossil Amphidiscophora are not known, since the root-tufts found 
in various deposits, even so far back as Silurian, are just as likely to 
