BIOLOGY. 
Prot. 37 
phologically, they have no connection (any more than have osteoclasts, 
or cells of the chorial syncytium where the same process occurs) with 
the ciliated “face” of epithelial cells, Prenant (296, 297).—Besides the 
two usual polar filaments, Cohn (67) describes two stiff threads as being 
ejected from the spores of Sphcerospora masovica on the opening of the 
valves. 
The “middle” flagella of Megastoma are more locomotor in function 
than the “tail.” At the base of all the flagella there is a tin}' granule or 
rodlet, the “ Geisselwurzel,” from which a continuation of the flagellum 
passes inwards into the cytoplasm. These continuations lead to the 
“ central body ” between the two nuclear halves, and Metzner (258) com¬ 
pares the whole to a reflex nervous system, the principal motor-nerves 
being the strands to the “middle” flagella—the others being more per¬ 
ceptive. Locomotor apparatus of the zoospores and gametes of Polytoma 
uvella. A granule, the blepharoplast (slightly chromatic), lies at the base 
of the two flagella and from this there passes inwards towards the nucleus 
a chromatic thread, the rhizoplast , which sometimes has another swelling, 
the condyle , at its nuclear termination, Dangeard (81).—The distal taper¬ 
ing end in Trichomonas hominis, serves as a kind of pseudopodial attaching 
process, along which knot-like swellings of the protoplasm slowly move, 
Prowazek (304).—Attaching organ of Herpetomonas ; [see ii, a, 1.] 
Cirri of Euplotes, and the fibrillar threads connected to them, Prowazek 
(302). Structure of flagella, cilia, etc. in Infusorians, id. (301).—Structure 
of the tentacles of the Acinetarian, Choanophrya (n. g., for Podophyra (?) 
infundibulifera Hartog); when active, they expand distally into wide, open 
funnels, Hartog (151). 
B. Physiology. 
1. Nutrition, excretion, osmosis, etc. 
Digestive processes in Amoebae; Mouton (269) isolated individuals and 
placed them together with Bacterium coli. By means of its contractile 
vacuole, the amoeba agglutinates the bacteria, and so injests them. 
Mouton also obtained from cultures a proteolytic ferment analogous to 
trypsin. — Leucin-cystals in Amoeba proteus , their formation in food- 
vacuoles ; relation of neutral-red to the living cytoplasm, loose combina¬ 
tions being formed, which the metabolic activity more or less rapidly 
breaks up, Stolc (385). 
Modes of nutrition of growing Gregarines ; the frequency with which 
secretion and alteration products in intestinal cells simulate Gregarines, 
Leger & Duboscq (218).—Nutrition of Monocystis ascidice in the extra¬ 
cellular stage accomplished by a tiny hyaline pseudopodium at the anterior 
end, closely applied to intestinal cell. Perhaps the “fixative filaments” of 
Pterocephalus have also a nutritive function, Siedlecki (357).—In the case 
of Caryotropha mesnilii nutritive products pass from the host-cell nucleus 
to that of the parasite, Siedlecki (358). 
Digestion in Infusoria, Metalnikoff (257).— Artificial stimuli (change 
of diet, mechanical agitation, change in temperature), can be made to 
counteract the degeneration-tendency in Paramoecium and bring about 
rejuvenescence, Calkins (50).—Physiological degeneration in Paramoecium 
probably due to the wearing out of the digestive function, as the ferment¬ 
forming activity becomes weakened. Certain chemical salts contained in 
the food-stimuli (e.g. beef-extract, extract of sheep’s pancreas etc.) supplied, 
restore this activity and increase the general vitality, id. (51), also Calkins 
& Lieb (53).—In starving Paramcecia , the chromatin of the nucleus is 
increased at the expense of the cytoplasm. Apparently material usually 
required in the performance of the vital functions, is passed on to the 
nucleus instead, Hertwig (153). — Cell-changes in hungering Paramcecia 
