46 Prot. 
XV1I1. PROTOZOA. 
Longitudinal division in :— Trypanosoma remaki , Trypanoplasma borreli 
L. & M., Laveran & Mesnil (196); short account, no figg., id. (199); 
Trypanosoma brucei , and subdivision of the “ plasmodial” forms iuto 
small flagellate amoebulae, which grow into the adult, Bradford & 
Plimmer (40).—Division in T. equinum is very varied; Voges (403) finds 
longitudinal division unfrequent, the commonest method being a transverse 
division into two or three. He also occasionally saw “ segmentation, 5 ’—a 
multiplicative division of enlarged irregular forms, each resultant part 
acquiring a new flagellum. [This rather recalls Bradford and Plimmer’s 
figures of the subdivision of plasmodial forms.] Wasielewski 410) 
describes multiple fission (“ a la rosace ”) in T. lewisi of the Rat,— 
agreeing with Laveran and Mesnil’s (Zool. Rec. 1901, Xo. 134) account. 
[See also d, 4.] 
The reproduction of the Coccolithophoridai , appears to take place only 
by fission—in the principal axis. Chains may be formed from the re¬ 
sulting individuals not separating. A modification was found in Syraco- 
sphcera dentata , where the protoplasmic body had divided to form two 
complete individuals inside the large shell (termed a “macrotheca”) which 
had not divided. Probably the daughter-individuals leave the shell naked, 
when they strikingly resemble ordinary phytoflagellates, Lohmann (231). 
—On the multiplication of “ coccoliths,” by the formation of numerous 
“ embryonal ” coccoliths around the margin. Later the upper shell 
separates from the lower and the latter forms with the protoplasm the 
“ coccospliere.” The embryonal coccoliths then become free by the break¬ 
down of the coccosphere, and gradually change into the adult form, [these 
results are all deduced from non-living material, and differ greatly from 
Lohmaun’s (231)], Yoelztkow (401). 
Herpetophrya astoma n. g., n. sp., reproduces by simple transverse 
division, Siedlecki (359).—Transverse fission in the Ciliates Halteria and 
Strombidium , Averintzev (12).—Relation of binary fission to variation 
in Paramoecium , Simpson (364).—Fission in HopUtopfirya and Anoplo- 
phrya , also encystment, with multiplicative reproduction, Bortolotti 
(30).—The gemmule of Rhyncheta obconica n. sp., is internal, oval, possesses 
a contractile vacuole, and is probably “ peritrichous ” like those of Podo- 
phrya and Choanophrya , Hartog (151). 
2. Sexual : Gametes and conjugation. 
On the significance of fertilization :—conclusions largely arrived at from 
culture-experiments on Actinosphceria and Infusoria. Hertwig (155) 
holds that it is a means to compensate the harmful working of the vital 
functions, and readjust the relations between the nucleus and protoplasm, 
which cell-activity upsets; in other words it strengthens the regulating 
influences, and is the more necessary, the more vigorous the vital activity. 
This theory, he thinks, has more to support it than either the “ amphi¬ 
mixis ” theory of Weissmann, or that of “rejuvenescence” (in the sense of 
fertilisation causing a more rapid multiplication), reasons against which 
are set forth. [Compare Calkins (50) & (51).] 
Fertilization processes in Protozoa divided into two groups, (a) copu¬ 
lation, i.e. permanent and complete fusion of two individuals and their 
nuclei, with various subdivisions (exs. Noctiluca , Actinophrys, Tricho- 
sphcerium , Gregarines and Coccidia), and (6) the conjugation of Infusoria, 
which is compared with the association of gametocytes,—whose derivatives 
later proceed to copulation—in Gregarines and Coccidia. Quite apart 
from both groups, is the process in Actinosphcerium , and the plastogamy 
of Foraminifera, Luhe (239). 
Conjugation (copulation) in Testacea (chiefly Eaglypha and Trinema). 
This usually occurs after periods of active division which end by a kind of 
