BIOLOGY. 
Prot. 51 
merely an inclusive term for externally similar stages in (at least three) 
different directions of development,” which are pointed out. 
The classification of the Colloidea: — Haeckel’s division into two orders 
Colloidea and Beloidea, founded on the absence or presence of silicious 
needles shewn to be untenable, as needles occur in Thalassophysa, T/talas- 
sophila , etc. Brandt (41) says the most important character for generic 
distinctions is the nucleus, and based chiefly on this he divides the order 
Colloidea (which he terms Collida) into three families, the Thalassicollidce 
(including part of Actissa and most of the Thalassosphceridce ), the Thalas- 
sophysidce (including the Pachysphcera, n. g., and part of the Thalasso- 
sphceridce ), and the Physematidce (with part of Actissa). Further he unites 
the Sphcerozoida with the Collozoida to form one family, the Sphcerozoida, 
of a second order, the Sphterozoea, containing also the family Collosphce- 
rida ; in other words he groups the monozoic forms (in vegetative life 
possessing a single highly differentiated nucleus) together as the order 
Collida, the polyzoie forms (with numerous simple nuclei) together as the 
order Sphserozoea. 
Schaudinx (334) proposes to distinguish two sub-classes of Sporozoa, 
(a) Telosporidici, in which the vegetative (“trophic”) period ceases on 
commencement of sporulation, and (b) Neosporidia, comprising the 
remaining orders which sporulate during their vegetative life. 
Senx (353) does not include the Phytomastigina (Volvocinese) in the 
Flagellata, but leaves them to be placed in the Green Algse proper. He 
divides the class into seven orders, (1) Pantostomatinece, in which all parts 
of the cell-surface can ingest food, exs. Multicilia, Mastigamoeba , (2) Disto- 
matinese, in which food-injestion can take place at only two spots, ex. 
Megastoma, (3) Protomastigina, injestion at only one point, the animals 
holozoic or saprophytic, flagellae 1-4 never paired, including several families, 
the Oicomonadacece (— Cercomonadina, Cercomonas itself however being 
placed in an appendix as of uncertain position), Bodonacece , Tetramitacece , 
etc., (4) Chrysomonadinese, as the last but with yellow-brown chromato- 
phores, exs. Hydrurus, Dinobryon, and Epipyxis , (5) Cryptomonadineae, 
for Chilo- and Crypto-monas , (6) Chloromonadineoe, with many contractile- 
vacuoles united into a system, Yacuolaria, Chi or amoeba, etc., and lastly 
(7) the Euglenineae. 
Scherffel (337) discusses the affinities of the lowly Flagellates and 
their origin. He is of the opinion that chromatophore formation has 
(originally) taken place in very lowly Ciliophrys- or Mastigamoeba-like 
forms. Probably these alone became the starting-point of the coloured 
groups, which have proceeded independently since. He derives chromato- 
phore-containing groups from such forms, and colourless ones from colour¬ 
less forms, admitting of course that individuals may secondarily lose their 
chromatophores (members of the Euglenidae, Polytomidce , etc.). 
Leger (212) thinks the occurrence of a “ gregariniform ” variety of 
Herpetomonas is a strong argument in favour of the Flagellate ancestry 
' of Sporozoa. 
Lohmann (231) considers the Coccolithophoridae as closely related to 
the family Chrysomonadina , but remarks that the latter have very 
frequently an eye-spot which never occurs in the former. He divides 
them into two sub-families, the Syracosphcerince, with the shell composed 
of imperforated coccoliths, and the Coccolithophorince, with the “basal 
plate” of the coccoliths always perforated. 
The Silicoflagellata are divided into two orders, the Siphonotestales, 
where the skeleton consists of hollow rods, containing the family 
Dictyochaceoe, forms possessing one flagellum, and the Stereotestales, with 
the skeleton of solid rods, containing the family Ebriacece , forms with two 
flagella, Lemmermann (222). The author thinks that this sub-class is 
allied to the Peridinida (Dinoflagellata). 
